Emotions and Personhood International Perspectives in Philosophy and Psychiatry Series editors: Bill (K.W.M.) Fulford, Katherine Morris, John Z. Sadler, and Giovanni Stanghellini Volumes in the series: Portrait of the Psychiatrist as a Young Man: Schizophrenia and the Fate of the Self Th e Early Writing and Work of R.D. Laing, Lysaker and Lysaker 1927–1960 Responsibility and Psychopathy Beveridge Malatesti and McMillan Mind, Meaning, and Mental Disorder 2e Body-Subjects and Disordered Minds Bolton and Hill Matthews What is Mental Disorder? Rationality and Compulsion: Applying action Bolton theory to psychiatry Delusions and Other Irrational Beliefs Nordenfelt Bortolotti Philosophical Perspectives on Technology and Postpsychiatry Psychiatry Bracken and Th omas Phillips (ed.) Philosophy, Psychoanalysis, and the A-Rational Th e Metaphor of Mental Illness Mind Pickering Brakel Mapping the Edges and the In-between Unconscious Knowing and Other Essays in Potter Psycho-Philosophical Analysis Trauma, Truth, and Reconciliation: Healing Brakel Damaged Relationships Psychiatry as Cognitive Neuroscience Potter (ed.) Broome and Bortolotti (eds.) Th e Philosophy of Psychiatry: A Companion Free Will and Responsibility: A Guide for Radden Practitioners Th e Virtuous Psychiatrist Callender Radden and Sadler Reconceiving Schizophrenia Autonomy and Mental Disorder Chung, Fulford, and Graham (eds.) Radoilska (ed.) Darwin and Psychiatry Feelings of Being De Block and Adriaens (eds.) Ratcliff e Nature and Narrative: An Introduction to the Values and Psychiatric Diagnosis New Philosophy of Psychiatry Sadler Fulford, Morris, Sadler, and Stanghellini (eds.) Disembodied Spirits and Deanimated Bodies: Oxford Textbook of Philosophy and Psychiatry Th e Psychopathology of Common Sense Fulford, Th ornton, and Graham Stanghellini Th e Mind and its Discontents Emotions and Personhood Gillett Stanghellini and Rosfort Th inking Th rough Dementia Essential Philosophy of Psychiatry Hughes Th ornton Dementia: Mind, Meaning, and the Person Empirical Ethics in Psychiatry Hughes, Louw, and Sabat (eds.) Widdershoven, McMillan, Hope, and Van der Talking Cures and Placebo Eff ects Scheer (eds.) Jopling Th e Sublime Object of Psychiatry: Schizophrenia Philosophical Issues in Psychiatry II: Nosology in Clinical and Cultural Th eory Kendler and Parnas Woods Discursive Perspectives in Th erapeutic Practice Lock and Strong (eds.) Emotions and Personhood Exploring Fragility— Making Sense of Vulnerability By G iovanni S tanghellini and R ené R osfort 1 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Oxford University Press 2013 © Dylan Th omas, Th e Poems of Dylan Th omas, Copyright ©1939 by New Directions Publishing Corp. Reprinted by permission of New Directions Publishing Corp. p. 263 Th e moral rights of the authors have been asserted Impression: 1 All rights reserved. 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Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up-to-date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. Th e authors and t he publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the t ext or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where otherwise stated, drug dosages and recommendations are for the non-pregnant adult who is not breast-feeding Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. To our parents Ketty e Umberto—Hanne og Birger Th e primordial source of our emotions Th e inspiration for our becoming the persons that we are Acknowledgements Th is book would not have been possible without the constant encouragement, compe- tent assistance, and fi nancial support of a number of people and institutions. G iovanni wants to thank all the colleagues and students who generously commented on his lessons and conferences on emotions, vulnerability, and personhood during the years. Th ey have off ered an inestimable opportunity for in-depth examination and clarifi cation of these phenomena; allowing these concepts to be communicated and developed . Among his colleagues, a special thank you goes to Bill Fulford for being an example of profundity conjugated to precision, simplicity, and intelligibility. Giovanni is also grateful to Arnaldo Ballerini, Massimo Ballerini, Matthew Broome, John Cutting, Th omas Fuchs, Paolo Fusar Poli, Silvio Lenzi, Paul Lysaker, Josef Parnas, John Sadler, Louis Sass, and to the teaching body of the S cuola di Psicoterapia e Fenom- enologia of Florence. He is especially grateful to Gilberto Di Petta and Mario Rossi Monti , for inspiring conversations. In writing this book Giovanni remembers his teacher Paolo Rossi, who enlightened his way to philosophy. Paolo was an unforgettable mentor, teaching him the virtue of reason and the value of tolerance. René would like to thank, fi rst and foremost, the two teachers and friends who initi- ated, and still nourish, his thinking about philosophy: Jacob Z. Simonsen and Arne Grøn. Without their unfl agging support, patience, and keen intellects he would still be roaming around within the narrow limits of his own thoughts. He also wants to express his gratitude to the three institutions that have been involved in the writing of this book: the Faculty of Th eology, University of Copenhagen, in particular the Depart- ment for Systematic Th eology and the Centre for Naturalism and Christian Semantics; the Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen; the Department of Philosophy, University of Florence. René’s work has enjoyed essential assistance from the Carlsberg Foundation. With- out their generous three-year research grant, this book could not have been realised. He is grateful for their fi nancial support. Inspiring academic settings and fi nancial support are necessary, but not suffi cient conditions for writing about emotions and personhood. René therefore wants to thank the kind and intelligent persons with whom he has discussed some or all of the ideas in this book: Iben Damgaard, Mads Peter Karlsen, Claudia Welz, Lars Sandbeck, Johanne Stubbe Teglbjærg, Carsten Pallesen, Troels Engberg-Pedersen, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Andrea Raballo, Dan Zahavi, Roberta Lanfredini, Borut Škodlar, and K. Brian Söderquist. Giovanni and René both want to thank our editors at OUP Martin Baum, Charlotte Green, and Sarah Stephenson for their patient and competent assistance in preparing the book. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii And last but not least, we express our immense respect and warm gratitude to Fritz Saaby Pedersen, who has read and commented on the whole manuscript. Without his eff orts to clarify and amend our English, this book would have been a much more bumpy reading experience. Finally, Giovanni and René want to express their loving gratitude to their wives for their patient support and indispensable advice during the work on this book. Grazie , Paola! Tak for alt , Louise! Copyright Acknowledgements Th e authors and publisher are grateful for permission to reproduce extracts from the following material: ‘Th e Dry Salvages’ from Four Quartets, copyright © 1941 by T.S. Eliot and renewed 1969 by Esme Valerie Eliot, reprinted by permission of Houghton Miffl in Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. ‘East Coker’ from F our Quartets, copyright © 1940 by T.S. Eliot and renewed 1968 by Esme Valerie Eliot, reprinted by permission of Houghton Miffl in Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. 4.48 Psychosis by Sarah Kane, copyright © 2000 by Methuen Drama, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. Th e Poems of Dylan Th omas , by Dylan Th omas, copyright ©1939 by New Directions Publishing Corp. Reprinted by permission of New Directions Publishing Corp. Contents Introduction 1 How Do You Feel? 3 Emotions, Human Beings, and Persons 4 Th e Embodied Nature of Emotions 9 Emotions and Psychopathological Vulnerability 11 Overview of the Chapters 1 2 Part I Troubled Selfhood 1 Subjectivity and Naturalism 1 9 Philosophy and Psychopathology in View of Naturalism 19 Relaxed Naturalism 23 A Phenomenological Alternative 2 7 Hermeneutical Phenomenology 2 9 Why Ricoeur’s Th eory? 3 2 Reason and Sensibility 4 0 Wounded Th inking 4 6 2 A Hermeneutics of ‘I Am’ 53 Th e Aff ective Generation of Values 5 4 Fragility of the Heart 5 7 Interpretative Recovery of Selfh ood 63 Narratives of Time 6 6 3 Body and Personhood 7 1 Bodily Ambivalence 72 Personhood and the Narrating Self 7 9 Rules and Practices 86 Th e Good Life 88 An Ontology of Care 9 2 Becoming a Person through Otherness 9 3 Part II Fragile Personhood 4 Conceptual Clarity Amidst an Abundance of Feelings 9 9 To Name or Not to Name a Feeling 1 00 Feeling Th eories 1 04