Krishna P. Singh Shamarao Jahagirdar Birinchi Kumar Sarma   Editors Emerging Trends in Plant Pathology Emerging Trends in Plant Pathology (cid:129) (cid:129) Krishna P. Singh Shamarao Jahagirdar Birinchi Kumar Sarma Editors Emerging Trends in Plant Pathology Editors KrishnaP.Singh ShamaraoJahagirdar PlantPathology DepartmentofPlantPathology G.B.PantUniversity UniversityofAgriculturalSciencesDharwad ofAgriculture&Technology Dharwad,Karnataka,India Pantnagar,India BirinchiKumarSarma DepartmentofMycology andPlantPathology BanarasHinduUniversity Varanasi,UttarPradesh,India ISBN978-981-15-6274-7 ISBN978-981-15-6275-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6275-4 #SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2021 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore To the Legend.... (Dr. Y. L. Nene) Foreword Plantpathologyasadisciplineofagriculturalsciencehasplayedpivotalroleoverthe years in understanding plant diseases and in mitigating losses through cultural and technologicalinnovations.Thisisdespitethediseasescenariosthatkeptonevolving andchangingduetobiotic,abioticandedaphicfactors.Theplantpathologistshave eventually contributed significantly towards food security and in ameliorating the livelihood offarmers across theglobe. The science ofplant pathology hasbeen an innovativeandever-emergingdiscipline initsscope, importanceandtechnologies. Therehavebeenmanysuchinnovationsandadvancementsineachandeveryaspect of plant pathology starting from the identification of the pathogen, underlining the molecular mechanism of pathogenicity and resistance and also the management strategies.With thecommencementoftheconcept ofsustainable agriculture, plant diseasemanagementhasbecomemoreimportantandhasshiftedfromthetraditional chemical-basedtomoreeco-friendlyintegrateddiseasemanagementstrategieswith morefocusonthebiocontrolandothergreentechnologies.Thelatestinnovationsin the field of detection and diagnosis, host resistance, disease forecasting and plant biotechnologyhavehelpedusinbettermanagementofthediseases,butchallenges arestillmanymore. ThisfirsteditionofEmergingTrendsinPlantPathologyeditedbyK.P.Singh, B. K. Sarma and Shamarao Jahagirdhar provides a comprehensive description and highlightsofthelatestinnovationandtrendsinthefieldofplantpathologyandallied fields. The focus is on understanding both the basic and applied aspects of plant pathology and plant disease management. I hope the book would be of special vviiii viii Foreword interest to both academics and professionals, working in the fields of plant pathol- ogy,microbiology,biotechnologyandplantbreeding,aswellastheplantprotection sciences.Thisbookisacomprehensivereferenceforallthosecurioustounderstand thelatestadvancementsintheirfieldofspecialization. I congratulate the editors and contributors for their dedicated effort to bring out suchaclassicreferencebookforthescientificfraternity. ExecutiveSecretary,APAARI RaviKhetarpal Asia-PacificAssociationofAgricultural ResearchInstitutions,4thFloor,FAOAnnexBuilding, 202/1LarnLuangRoad,KlongMahanakSub-District, PomprabSattrupaiDistrict Bangkok,Thailand Preface The science of plant pathology is essential for reliable food production through management of plant diseases. Dynamics in the evolution of new races of plant pathogensandchangesintheglobalclimaticscenariohavemadeplantpathologyan ever-emergingdisciplineinitsscope,importanceandtechnologies.Duringthepast decade tremendous advancements and innovations took place in every aspect of plant pathology starting from identification of pathogens to their management. Additionally, with commencement of the concept of sustainable agriculture, plant diseasemanagementhasbecomemoreimportantanddiseasemanagementstrategies have shifted from the traditional chemical based to more eco-friendly strategies. Further, advancements in molecular biology studies have armed the researchers to develop newer strategies for plant disease management. Therefore, recently more focushasbeenontheapplicationsofbiocontrolagents,developmentoftransgenic cultivars, plant genome editing to other green technologies. Recent innovations in the field of detection and diagnosis of plant diseases, host resistance, disease forecastingandplantbiotechnologyhavehelpedindevelopingstrategiestomanage thediseasesbetterandaddressthechallengesstillontheway. In this first edition of Emerging Trends in Plant Pathology we have compiled chapterstoreflectontherecenttrendsandinnovationsinthefieldofplantpathology. Emphasiswasgiventounderstandingbothbasicandappliedaspectsofmoderntools and techniques developed for detection and diagnosis of plant diseases that has helpedidentifyingpathogensassociatedwithadiseaseinaveryshorttime.Quicker detection and diagnosis leads to identification of many new and emerging plant pathogens, and it is of great help in designing effective management strategies againstthem.Thebookhasthereforealsofocusedonthehost-pathogensystemsat molecular level without considering the hosts and their pathogens as separate entities. Chapterswerealso compiled toelaborate ourunderstanding onhost resis- tance to plant pathogens and the mechanisms of actions of R and Avr genes of the hostandpathogen,respectively.Additionally,plantdiseasesandtheirepidemicsare highly influenced by environmental conditions and crop microclimate. The book also includes chapters covering broad overviews of the recent advancements in disease forecasting, remote sensing, GIS and GPS applications that help accurate prediction of plant diseases and thereby saving crop losses from pathogens. The book also highlights the developments in the area of biological control of plant ix x Preface pathogensand use ofmicrobial consortium whichhave receivedmuch attentionin the past decade due to promotion in organic farming and sustainable agriculture globally. Further, the new-generation fungicides are considered far more eco-friendly and very effective at low concentration and are highly target specific. In this book, we have also focused on advancements in the use of secondary metabolites from microbes and novel plant extracts as eco-friendly pesticides. We alsocompiledchaptersontheuseoftransgenics,cisgenicsandgenomeeditingthat arebeingincreasinglyusedforplantdiseasemanagement. This book is very timely in providing essential and comprehensive source materials, as it includes most relevant areas on emerging trends in plant pathology andtheirroleincropprotection. Pantnagar,Uttarakhand,India KrishnaP.Singh Varanasi,UttarPradesh,India ShamaraoJahagirdar Dharwad,Karnataka,India BirinchiKumarSarma Contents 1 EmergingPlantDiseases:ResearchStatusandChallenges. . . . . . . 1 DipannitaMitra 2 EmergingPlantDiseasesUnderChangingClimateScenario. . . . . . 19 MuhammadPriyadiandPoojaUpadhyay 3 EmergingImportantNematodeProblemsinFieldCrops andTheirManagement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 MujeeburRahmanKhan,IrfanAhamad,andMohammadHaniphShah 4 ModernToolsforDetectionandDiagnosisofPlantPathogens. . . . 63 MadhurababuKunta,Jong-WonPark,W.EvanBraswell, JohnV.daGraça,andPerryEdwards 5 PlantVirusDiagnostics:TraditionaltoRecentandEmerging Advances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 V.K.Baranwal,SajadUnNabi,andManojK.Yadav 6 EpidemiologyandManagementofPotatoVirusY. . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 TylerD.B.MacKenzie,XianzhouNie,andMathureshSingh 7 MajorFungalFrenchBeanDiseases:Epidemiologyand Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 S.K.GuptaandGuervinderSingh 8 Whitefly-TransmittedPlantVirusesandTheirManagement. . . . . 175 P.S.Soumia,G.GuruPirasannaPandi,RamKrishna, WaquarAkhterAnsari,DurgeshKumarJaiswal, JayPrakashVerma,andMajorSingh 9 RecentAdvancesinManagementofBacterialDiseasesofCrops. . . 197 M.R.Ravikumar,H.S.Mahesha,J.U.Vinay,andK.Dinesh 10 ResistanceBreedingandExploitationofWildRelativesforNew ResistanceSources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 N.K.Singh,AnjaliJoshi,SmrutishreeSahoo,andBirendraPrasad xxii