EMERGING SYNTHESES IN SCIENCE EMERGING SYNTHESES IN SCIENCE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOUNDING WORKSHOPS OF THE SANTA FE INSTITUTE SANTAFE, NEW MEXICO Volume I David Pines, Editor Department of'Physics, Loomis Laboratory University cfI llinois, Urbana Advanced Book Program CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business First published 1988 by Perseus Books Publishing Published 2018 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 1988 Taylor & Francis Group LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www. copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http ://www.taylorandfrancis .com and the CRC Press Web site at http ://www. crcpress .com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Emerging syntheses in science. 1. Science—Congresses. 2. Santa Fe Institute (Santa Fe, N.M.)—Congresses. I. Pines, David, 1924- . II. Santa Fe Institute (Santa Fe, N.M.) Q101.E49 1987 500 87-24121 ISBN 0-201-15677-6 ISBN 13: 978-0-201-15686-7 (pbk) This volume was typeset using T^Xtures on a Macintosh computer. DAVID PINES Urbana, IL, September, 1987 Foreword The Santa Fe Institute, as a key element in its founding activities, sponsored two workshops on “Emerging Syntheses in Science,” which took place on October 5-6 and November 10-11,1984. Each workshop began with a description by Murray Gell-Mann of the concept of the Institute. Subsequent speakers described aspects of emerging syntheses which might prove relevant to the future development of the In­ stitute and George Cowan described some of the initial steps which are being taken to create the Institute. In the course of the talks, and discussions which ensued, a number of possible future directions for the Institute were explored. Networks, which might tie together researchers in a newly emerging synthesis, using both tra­ ditional and innovative forms of communication, ranging from workshops and the exchange of graduate students and postdoctoral fellows to computer links, emerged as one of the initial foci of the Institute activity. There was unanimous agreement among the participants that Professor Gell- Mann’s keynote address and the ensuing talks were of such high quality and general interest that it would be highly desirable to publish these for broader distribution. I agreed to serve as Editor of the Proceedings and chose an informal format for this volume as a way of making the proceedings rapidly available at modest cost. To convey the character of the workshops, contributors were encouraged, in writing up their talks, to follow the same kind of informal approach which characterized their presentations. The grouping of the talks is intended to reflect some of the many connections between apparently different problems which became evident during Emerging Syntheses in Science, 1987 V vi Emerging Syntheses in Science the workshops, while the flow chart below illustrates some further connections. For those speakers who were not able to contribute a manuscript, brief summaries of their remarks are appended. It gives me pleasure, on behalf of the Board of Trustees of the Santa Fe Institute, to thank the contributors to this volume for their rapid response to my pleas for manuscripts, and to thank the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the John D. and Catherine MacArthur Foundation for their financial support, which has made possible both the workshops and the publication of this volume. Special thanks go to Karie Friedman and Ronda Butler-Villa for their assistance in editing this volume, and to Fran^oise Ulam for her translation of the article by Dr. Schiitzenberger. FIGURE 1 FLOW CHART, illustrating some of the connections between talks and topics discussed at Santa Fe Institute Workshops on “Emerging Syntheses in Science.” Contents Foreword David Pines v The Concept of the Institute Murray Gell-Mann 1 Spin Glass Hamiltonians: A Bridge Between Biology, Statistical Mechanics and Computer Science P. W. Anderson 17 Macromolecular Evolution: Dynamical Ordering in Sequence Space Manfred Eigen 21 Evolutionary Theory of Genotypes and Phenotypes: Towards a Mathematical Synthesis Marcus W. Feldman 43 Prospects for a Synthesis in the Human Behavioral Sciences Irven DeVore 53 Emerging Syntheses in Science, 1987 vil Viii Emerging Syntheses in Science The Emergence of Evolutionary Psychology John Tooby 67 War in Evolutionary Perspective Richard W. Wrangham 77 The Relationship of Modern Archeology to Other Disciplines Douglas Schwartz 85 Reconstructing the Past through Chemistry Anthony Turkevich 87 The Conscious and Unconscious Stream of Thought Jerome L. Singer 95 Emerging Syntheses in Science: Conscious and Unconscious Processes Mardi J. Horowitz 121 Brain Mechanisms Underlying Visual Hallucinations J. D. Cowan 123 Solitons in Biological Molecules Alwyn C. Scott 133 The New Biology and its Human Implications Theodore T. Puck 153 Biomolecules Hans Frauenfelder 155 Computing with Attractors: From Self-repairing Computers to Ultradiffusion, and the Application of Dynamical Systems to Human Behavior B. A. Huberman 167 Fundamental Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy Frank Wilczek 175 Complex Systems Theory Stephen Wolfram 183 Mathematics and the Sciences Felix E. Browder 191 Contents Applications of Mathematics to Theoretical Computer Science Harvey Friedman Linguistics and Computing M. P. Schiitzenberger Dissipation, Information, Computational Complexity and the Definition of Organization Charles H. Bennett Plans for the Future George A. Cowan