EmErging CognitivE nEurosCiEnCE and Related technologies Committee on Military and Intelligence Methodology for Emergent Neurophysiological and Cognitive/Neural Science Research in the Next Two Decades Standing Committee for Technology Insight—Gauge, Evaluate, and Review Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences Division on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This is a report of work supported by contract HHM40205D0011 between the Defense Intel- ligence Agency and the National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Emerging cognitive neuroscience and related technologies / Committee on Military and Intelligence Methodology for Emergent Neurophysiological and Cognitive/Neural Science Research in the Next Two Decades, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, National Research Council of the National Academies. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-309-11894-1 (pbk.) ISBN-10: 0-309-11894-8 (pbk.) 1. Cognitive neuroscience—Technological innovations. 2. Cognitive neuroscience— Forecasting. 3. Military intelligence. 4. Intelligence service. I. National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Military and Intelligence Methodology for Emergent Neurophysiological and Cognitive/Neural Science Research in the Next Two Decades. [DNLM: 1. Cognitive Science—trends. 2. Neurosciences. 3. Military Science. 4. Security Measures. 5. Technology, Medical—trends. WL 100 E527 2008] QP360.5.E44 2008 612.8’2—dc22 2008041235 Limited copies of this report are Additional copies are available from: available from: Division on Engineering and Physical The National Academies Press Sciences 500 Fifth Street, N.W. National Research Council Lockbox 285 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20055 Washington, DC 20001 (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (202) 334-3111 (in the Washington metropolitan area) Internet, http://www.nap.edu Copyright 2008 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examina- tion of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scienticfi and engineering com - munities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org COMMITTEE ON MILITARY AND INTELLIGENCE METHODOLOGY FOR EMERGENT NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE/ NEURAL SCIENCE RESEARCH IN THE NEXT TWO DECADES CHRISTOPHER C. GREEN, Chair, Wayne State University School of Medicine DIANE E. GRIFFIN, Vice Chair, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health JAMES J. BLASCOVICH, University of California, Santa Barbara JEFFREY M. BRADSHAW, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition SCOTT C. BUNCE, Drexel University College of Medicine JOHN GANNON, BAE Systems, McLean, Virginia MICHAEL GAZZANIGA, SAGE Center for Study of the Mind, University of California, Santa Barbara ELIZABETH LOFTUS, University of California, Irvine GREGORY J. MOORE, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine JONATHAN MORENO, University of Pennsylvania JOHN R. RASURE, Mind Research Network MARK (DANNY) RINTOUL, Sandia National Laboratories NATHAN D. SCHWADE, Los Alamos National Laboratory RONALD L. SMITH, University of Nevada School of Medicine KAREN S. WALCH, Thunderbird School of Global Management ALICE M. YOUNG, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Staff MICHAEL A. CLARKE, Lead DEPS Board Director CARTER W. FORD, Study Director DANIEL E.J. TALMAGE, JR., Program Officer DETRA BODRICK-SHORTER, Administrative Coordinator (to February 2008) ENITA WILLIAMS, Research Associate URRIKKA WOODS, Program Associate DIONNA ALI, Anderson Commonweal Intern  STANDING COMMITTEE FOR TECHNOLOGY, INSIGHT—GAUGE, EVALUATE, AND REVIEW RUTH A. DAVID, Chair, ANSER, Inc., Arlington, Virginia RODNEY L. ADKINS, IBM Systems and Technology Group, Somers, New York STEVEN R.J. BRUECK, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque ANN N. CAMPBELL, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico STEPHEN W. DREW, Science Partners, LLC, Summit, New Jersey ALAN H. EPSTEIN, Pratt and Whitney, East Hartford, Connecticut ROBERT A. FUHRMAN, Lockheed Corporation (retired), Pebble Beach, California JOHN GANNON, BAE Systems, McLean, Virginia SHARON C. GLOTZER, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor CHRISTOPHER C. GREEN, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan LESLIE GREENGARD, New York University, New York DIANE E. GRIFFIN, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland J.C. HERZ, Batchtags, LLC, Alexandria, Virginia J. JEROME HOLTON, ARES Systems Group, Alexandria, Virginia FREDERICK R. LOPEZ, AMC Incorporated, Goleta, California GILMAN G. LOUIE, Alsop-Louie Partners, San Francisco, California JULIE J.C.H. RYAN, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. JAMES B. SMITH, Raytheon Aircraft Company, Andover, Massachusetts DIANNE S. WILEY, The Boeing Company, Arlington, Virginia Staff MICHAEL A. CLARKE, Lead DEPS Board Director CARTER W. FORD, Program Officer DANIEL E.J. TALMAGE, JR., Program Officer DETRA BODRICK-SHORTER, Administrative Coordinator (to February 2008) ENITA WILLIAMS, Research Associate URRIKKA WOODS, Program Associate RESHAWN ELLIS, Program Assistant  i BOARD ON BEHAVIORAL, COGNITIVE, AND SENSORY SCIENCES PHILIP E. RUBIN, Chair, Haskins Laboratories and Department of Surgery, Yale University LINDA M. BARTOSHUK, Department of Psychology, University of Florida SUSAN E. CAREY, Department of Psychology, Harvard University MARTIN FISHBEIN, Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania LILA R. GLEITMAN, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania ARIE W. KRUGLANSKI, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland RICHARD E. NISBETT, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor VALERIE F. REYNA, Department of Human Development, Cornell University LISA M. SAVAGE, Department of Psychology, State University of New York, Binghamton BRIAN A. WANDELL, Department of Psychology, Stanford University J. FRANK YATES, Judgment and Decision Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Staff CHRISTINE R. HARTEL, Director (to December 2007)  ii Preface The intelligence community (IC) faces voluminous amounts of scientific information produced and available on a global scale. To improve analysis of the information, the Technology Warning Division (TWD) of the Defense Intelligence Agency’s (DIA’s) Defense Warning Office (DWO) asked the National Research Council (NRC), in 2004, to establish the Committee on Defense Intelligence Agency Technology Forecasts and Reviews. That committee authored the report A oiding Surprise in an Era of Global Technology Ad ances.1 A oiding Surprise provided the IC with a technology warning methodology not previously available to it and led the DIA to request that the NRC establish a standing committee to continue to provide related assistance. In May 2005, the Standing Committee for Technology Insight—Gauge, Evaluate, and Review (TIGER) was established to assist the DWO of DIA in formulating future studies to be completed by NRC ad hoc committees. This report of the ad hoc Committee on Military and Intelligence Methodology for Emergent Neurophysiological and Cognitive/Neural Science Research in the Next Two Decades is the third report to be produced under the purview of the TIGER Standing Committee.2 We wish to express our sincere appreciation to the committee members, the staff of the DWO/TWD and their IC partners for their sponsorship and active participation, and Angelique Reitsma of the University of Pennsylvania. We also 1 National Research Council. 2005. A oiding Surprise in an Era of Global Technology Ad ances. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. Available from http://www.nap.edu/catalog. php?record_id=11286. 2 The previous reports in the series were Critical Technology Accessibility (2006) and Nano­ photonics: Accessibility and Applicability (2008), both published by the National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. ix