Ellsworth Bunker Ellsworth Howard B. Schaffer Bunker Global Troubleshooter, Vietnam Hawk An adst-dacor DiplomatsandDiplomacyBook TheUniversityofNorthCarolinaPress ChapelHill&London Theadst-dacor ©2003 DiplomatsandDiplomacy TheUniversityofNorthCarolinaPress Seriesiscosponsoredbythe Allrightsreserved AssociationforDiplomatic SetinSabontypebyTsengInformationSystems StudiesandTrainingin ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica Arlington,Virginia,and DiplomaticandConsular Thepaperinthisbookmeetstheguidelinesfor Officers,Retired,Inc.,of permanenceanddurabilityoftheCommitteeon Washington,D.C.The ProductionGuidelinesforBookLongevityofthe InstitutefortheStudyof CouncilonLibraryResources. DiplomacyatGeorgetown Universityalsosupported LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData theworkonthisbook. Schaffer,HowardB. EllsworthBunker:globaltroubleshooter,Vietnam hawk/HowardB.Schaffer. p.cm. ‘‘Anadst-dacorDiplomatsandDiplomacyBook.’’ Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. isbn0-8078-2825-4(alk.paper) 1.Bunker,Ellsworth,1894–1984. 2.Ambassadors— UnitedStates—Biography. 3.UnitedStates—Foreign relations—1945–1989. 4.VietnameseConflict, 1961–1975—Diplomatichistory. I.Title. e840.8.b845s33 2003 327.73'0092—dc21 2003010307 cloth 07 06 05 04 03 5 4 3 2 1 To my mother, minnie r. schaffer, who turned100 as this book headed for publication contents Preface xi Introduction 1 1 TheYearsbeforeDiplomacy 3 2 A‘‘Correct’’YearwiththePeróns 23 3 On,Briefly,toRome 36 4 RedCrossPresident 45 5 InNehru’sIndia 51 6 RechargingtheBattery 83 7 TheWestNewGuineaNegotiations 89 8 BrokeringaYemenSettlement 110 9 TroubleshootingintheDominicanRepublicandElsewhere 128 10 ToCenterStageinVietnam 160 11 TetandAfterwards 193 12 VietnamizationHasSucceeded 218 13 ThePanamaCanalNegotiations 269 14 FinalChapter 304 Notes 317 Bibliography 359 Index 367 illustrations Yaleundergraduate,1915 75 RisingyoungNewYorkbusinessman,1924 75 TheBunkerfamilyinVermont,1935 76 HeadingforBuenosAires,1951 77 AsAmericanRedCrosspresident,1955 77 AttheWhiteHousewithPresidentEisenhower,late1950s 78 InauguratingthenewU.S.EmbassyinNewDelhi,1959 79 WithHarrietinNewDelhi,late1950s 79 GreetingEisenhoweratNewDelhi’sPalamAirport,1959 80 PromotingAmericanproductsintheIndianmarket,late1950s 80 Travelingontheambassadorialplane,late1950s 81 OnhisfarminVermont,1960 82 WithPresidentSukarnoandU.S.ambassadortoIndonesia HowardJones,1965 261 AsU.S.ambassadortotheOrganizationofAmericanStates,1965 261 BringingpeacetotheDominicanRepublic,1966 262 AsurpriseweddinginNepal,1967 263 PresentingcredentialstoPresidentNguyenVanThieu,1967 263 BunkerandlbjinVietnam,1967 264 WithPresidentJohnsonandAverellHarrimanatCampDavid,1968 265 AboardAirForceOnewithPresidentNixon,early1970s 265 AccompanyingPresidentThieutoSanClemente,1973 266 FarewelltoVietnam,1973 266 PresidentCarterannouncescompletionofthePanamaCanal negotiations,1977 267 PresidentCarterandPanama’sOmarTorrijossignthetreaties,1977 267 AtGeorgetownUniversity,early1980s 268 AtGeorgetowninhislastdays,early1980s 268