REDEEMING THE BETRAYER: ELGAR’S PORTRAYAL OF JUDAS IN THE APOSTLES Ryan Taycher UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS December 2013 Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS APPROVED: Timothy L. Jackson, Major Professor Stephen Slottow, Committee Member Daniel J. Arthurs, Committee Member Frank Heidlberger, Chair of the Department of Music History, Theory, and Ethnomusicology James C. Scott, Dean of the College of Music Mark Wardell, Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School UMI Number: 1527154 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI 1527154 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 Taycher, Ryan. Redeeming the Betrayer: Elgar’s Portrayal of Judas in The Apostles. Master of Arts (Music Theory), December 2013, 90 pp., 41 examples, 2 figures, references, 70 titles. Despite its generally agreed importance, very little has been written about The Apostles. Even among the extant publications that address The Apostles, scholars have focused on its history and development, its reception, or analytical descriptions of its surface themes. The aim of this study will therefore be to provide neither a biography of Elgar, nor an account of the genesis of the work, but to analyze The Apostles in a manner that will achieve a deeper understanding of the oratorio. Chapter 1 explores the complexities that surround Judas and the different ways in which he was perceived throughout history. Then, through my analysis of the surface motives in Chapter 2 and their significance in relation to the large-scale harmonic structure in Chapter 3, I will suggest that Elgar does not denigrate Judas as the betrayer of Christ in The Apostles, but rather depicts him as a tragic yet crucial figure in achieving the redemption of mankind, and through this Judas himself is redeemed. Copyright 2013 by Ryan Taycher i i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to thank my committee members, Stephen Slottow and Danny Arthurs, for their beneficial comments and suggestions in editing my thesis. Jason Patterson and Ben Graf, my friends and fellow graduate students, provided many helpful thoughts during the process of analyzing and writing. I also had several enlightening conversations with Aran Walter regarding the theological aspects of this study. I want to especially thank my parents, who provided me with a musical upbringing and have supported me throughout my academic pursuits. To Kristen Bigham, without whose love and constant encouragement (as well as invaluable feedback and editing) this and many other projects would not have been possible, I wish to extend my sincere appreciation. Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Timothy Jackson, who introduced me to the world of Schenkerian theory and has selflessly taught me for the past five years. I hope that my work may attest to the profound impact he has had upon me as a teacher and a mentor. ii i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.........................................................................................................iii LIST OF EXAMPLES................................................................................................................v LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................................viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF JUDAS.......................................................4 The Traditional View of Judas.........................................................................................4 The Protestant View of Judas........................................................................................10 The Gospel of Judas......................................................................................................18 CHAPTER 3. ELGAR’S PORTRAYAL OF JUDAS................................................................22 CHAPTER 4. PARSIFAL, KUNSTRELIGION, AND JUDAS’S REDEMPTION......................40 APPENDIX: ANNOTATED LIBRETTO ................................................................................ 68 REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................86 iv LIST OF EXAMPLES Page Example 3.1. Various Forms of the ‘Judas’ Motive in Elgar, The Apostles a) ‘Judas’ Motive (Jaeger 1903, 23).............................................................................27 b) Extended Judas Motive (Jaeger 1903, 23)................................................................27 c) Complete Judas Motive (Jaeger 1903, 48)...............................................................27 Example 3.2. Elgar, The Apostles, “II. By the Wayside,” mm. 53-56: Tritones and Judas..........28 Example 3.3.Tritones in J. S. Bach, St. Matthew Passion (BWV 244) a) No. 7, “Da ging hin der Zwölfen einer mit Namen Judas Ischarioth,” mm. 4-6........29 b) No. 11, “Er antwortete und sprach,” mm. 3-4..........................................................29 c) No. 11, “Er antwortete und sprach,” mm. 12-14.......................................................29 d) No. 26, “Und er kam und fand sie aber schlafend,” m. 17........................................29 e) No. 26, “Und er kam und fand sie aber schlafend,” mm. 22-23................................30 f) No. 41a, “Des Morgens aber hielten alle Hohepriester und die Ältesten des Volks einen Rat,” mm. 7-10.........................................................................................30 g) No. 41a, “Des Morgens aber hielten alle Hohepriester und die Ältesten des Volks einen Rat,” mm. 14-16.......................................................................................30 Example 3.4. Elgar, The Apostles, “II. By the Wayside,” mm. 17-18: Tritones and Judas..........31 Example 3.5. Elgar, The Apostles, “IV. The Betrayal,” mm. 36-41: A♭–D Tritone....................32 Example 3.6. Elgar, The Apostles, “IV. The Betrayal,” mm. 47-49: A♭–D Tritone....................32 Example 3.7. Elgar, The Apostles, “IV. The Betrayal,” mm. 175-78: Tritones and Judas...........32 Example 3.8. Elgar, The Apostles, “IV. The Betrayal,” mm. 203-10: A♭ (G♯)–D Tritone..........34 Example 3.9. Elgar, The Apostles, “IV. The Betrayal,” mm. 211-12: A♭ (G♯)–D Tritone..........35 Example 3.10. Elgar, The Apostles, “IV. The Betrayal,” mm. 366-68: A♭ (G♯)–D Tritone.........35 v Example 3.11. ‘Earthly Kingdom’ Motive (Jaeger 1903, 18).....................................................35 Example 3.12. Elgar, The Apostles, “Prologue,” mm. 50-56: Prophecy of the A♭–D Tritone.....37 Example 3.13. Elgar, The Apostles, “Prologue,” mm. 62-68: Prophecy of the A♭–D Tritone.....38 Example 3.14. Elgar, The Apostles, “V. Golgotha,” mm. 1-10: A♭ (G♯)–D Tritone...................38 Example 4.1. Wagner, Parsifal, Act I, mm. 1-5: D(cid:4425) Accidental.................................................43 Example 4.2. Wagner, Parsifal, Act I........................................................................................44 Example 4.3. Wagner, Parsifal, Act III.....................................................................................44 Example 4.4. Wagner, Parsifal, Overall Structure.....................................................................45 Example 4.5. Elgar, The Apostles, “Prologue”..........................................................................46 Example 4.6. ‘Christ, The Man of Sorrows’ Motive (Jaeger 1903, 5)........................................46 Example 4.7. Elgar, The Apostles, “I. The Calling of the Apostles,” mm. 20-22: Man of Sorrows Motive..........................................................................................................................47 Example 4.8. Elgar, The Apostles, “I. The Calling of the Apostles”...........................................48 Example 4.9. Wagner, Parsifal, Act I, mm. 1-311.....................................................................48 Example 4.10. Elgar, The Apostles, “II. By the Wayside”.........................................................50 Example 4.11. Elgar, The Apostles, “III. By the Sea of Galilee,” mm. 1-177.............................50 Example 4.12. Elgar, The Apostles, “III. By the Sea of Galilee,” m. 16: A♭ (G♯)–D Tritone......50 Example 4.13. Elgar, The Apostles, “III. By the Sea of Galilee,” mm. 177-522.........................51 Example 4.14. Elgar, The Apostles, “III. By the Sea of Galilee”................................................51 Example 4.15. Elgar, The Apostles, “III. By the Sea of Galilee,” mm. 444-46...........................52 Example 4.16. Elgar, The Apostles, “Introduction”...................................................................52 Example 4.17. Elgar, The Apostles, “IV. The Betrayal”.............................................................53 Example 4.18. Elgar, The Apostles, “V. Golgotha,” “VI. At the Sepulchre,” and “VII. The Ascension”....................................................................................................................55 v i Example 4.19. Elgar, The Apostles, “VII. The Ascension,” mm. 176-78....................................56 Example 4.20. Elgar, The Apostles, Overall Structure...............................................................57 Example 4.21. Wagner, Parsifal, Act II, mm. 983-91: Kundry’s Seduction and the F♯/G♭ Enharmonic...................................................................................................................59 Example 4.22. Wagner, Parsifal, Act III, mm. 608-31: Kundry’s Baptism and the F♯/G♭ Enharmonic...................................................................................................................60 Example 4.23. Elgar, The Apostles, “VII. The Ascension,” mm. 137-40: Jesus’s Crucifixion and G♭...........................................................................................................................61 Example 4.24. Wagner, Parsifal, Act III, mm. 662-69: Karfreitagszauber and the F♯/G♭ Enharmonic.................................................................................................................. 63 Example 4.25. Elgar, The Apostles, Summary of the Overall Structure......................................64 Example 4.26. Elgar, The Apostles, “Prologue,” mm. 50-82: Prophecy of the Overall Structure.......................................................................................................................64 Example 4.27. Elgar, The Apostles, “VII. The Ascension,” mm. 196-98: A♭–D Tritone............65 vi i LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 2.1. Giotto, The Kiss of Judas (1304-6), detail of fresco in Scrovegni Chapel, Padua, Italy................................................................................................................................5 FIgure 2.2. Fra Angelico, The Capture of Christ (c. 1440), fresco in the Friary of San Marco, Florence, Italy.................................................................................................................6 vi ii