Electrostatic Phenomena on Planetary Surfaces (Second Edition) Online at: https://doi.org/10.1088/2514-3433/ac878e AAS Editor in Chief Ethan Vishniac, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland, USA About the program: AAS-IOP Astronomy ebooks is the official book program of the American Astronomical Society (AAS) and aims to share in depth the most fascinating areas of astronomy, astrophysics, solar physics, and planetary science. The program includes publications in the following topics: Books in the program range in level from short introductory texts on fast-moving areas, graduate and upper-level undergraduate textbooks, research monographs, and practical handbooks. For a complete list of published and forthcoming titles, please visit iopscience.org/ books/aas. About the American Astronomical Society The American Astronomical Society (aas.org), established 1899, is the major organization of professional astronomers in North America. The membership (∼7,000) also includes physicists, mathematicians, geologists, engineers, and others whose research interests lie within the broad spectrum of subjects now comprising the contemporary astronomical sciences. The mission of the Society is to enhance and share humanity’s scientific understanding of the universe. Editorial Advisory Board Steve Kawaler Joan Najita Iowa State University, USA National Optical Astronomy Observatory, USA Ethan Vishniac Johns Hopkins University, USA Stacy Palen Weber State University, USA Dieter Hartmann Clemson University, USA Jason Barnes University of Idaho, USA Piet Martens Georgia State University, USA James Cordes Cornell University, USA Dawn Gelino NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, Caltech, USA Electrostatic Phenomena on Planetary Surfaces (Second Edition) Carlos I Calle and Karen L Aplin IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK ªIOPPublishingLtd2022.TheWorkcreatedbyDrCarlosCalleisnotsubjecttocopyrightinthe US/ContributionoftheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording orotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher,orasexpresslypermittedbylawor undertermsagreedwiththeappropriaterightsorganization.Multiplecopyingispermittedin accordancewiththetermsoflicencesissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency,theCopyright ClearanceCentreandotherreproductionrightsorganizations. PermissiontomakeuseofIOPPublishingcontentotherthanassetoutabovemaybesought [email protected]. CarlosICalleandKarenLAplinhaveassertedtheirrighttobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewithsections77and78oftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. ISBN 978-0-7503-3891-2(ebook) ISBN 978-0-7503-3889-9(print) ISBN 978-0-7503-3892-9(myPrint) ISBN 978-0-7503-3890-5(mobi) DOI 10.1088/2514-3433/ac878e Version:20221001 AAS–IOPAstronomy ISSN2514-3433(online) ISSN2515-141X(print) BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData:Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailable fromtheBritishLibrary. PublishedbyIOPPublishing,whollyownedbyTheInstituteofPhysics,London IOPPublishing,No.2TheDistillery,Glassfields,AvonStreet,Bristol,BS20GR,UK USOffice:IOPPublishing,Inc.,190NorthIndependenceMallWest,Suite601,Philadelphia, PA19106,USA Coverimage:ShallowLightningonJupiter(Illustration). Imagecredit:NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt. To my grandson, Liam Daniel Calle Carlos I Calle To the memory of my aunt and uncle Linda (1950–2022) and Norman Neal (1949–2021), both scientists taken too soon by Covid Karen L Aplin Contents Preface to the First Edition xii Preface to the Second Edition xiii Acknowledgements xiv Author Biographies xv 1 Introduction 1-1 2 Electrostatics Principles 2-1 2.1 Coulomb’s Law and the Principle of Superposition 2-1 2.2 The Electric Field 2-2 2.3 Gauss’s Law 2-3 2.4 Electric Potential 2-3 2.5 Conductors in Electrostatic Fields 2-4 2.6 Capacitance 2-5 2.7 Electrostatic Breakdown 2-5 2.8 Dielectrics in Electric Fields 2-6 2.9 Dielectrophoretic Forces 2-8 2.10 Plasmas 2-8 References 2-9 3 Space Radiation Fundamentals 3-1 3.1 Sources and Types of Radiation Found in Space 3-1 3.2 Measurement of Energetic Particles in Space 3-3 3.3 Effects of Space Radiation 3-5 3.4 Mitigating Radiation Effects 3-6 References 3-8 4 Electrical Breakdown and Charge Decay in Planetary 4-1 Atmospheres 4.1 Electrical Breakdown in Planetary Atmospheres 4-1 4.2 Glow Discharges and Ion Wind 4-4 4.3 Charge Mobility 4-6 4.4 Charge Decay and Conductivity in Planetary Atmospheres 4-6 References 4-8 ix