ELECTROSTATIC DUST MITIGATION AND MANIPULATION TECHNIQUES FOR PLANETARY DUST This page intentionally left blank ELECTROSTATIC DUST MITIGATION AND MANIPULATION TECHNIQUES FOR PLANETARY DUST NIMA GHARIB DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,McGillUniversity, Montreal, QC, Canada JAVAD FARROKHI DERAKHSHANDEH American University of the Middle East (AUM), Kuwait PETER RADZISZEWSKI Engineering Design, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211, 1000AEAmsterdam, Netherlands TheBoulevard,Langford Lane,Kidlington,OxfordOX5 1GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor, Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyany means,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformation storageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Details onhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissions policiesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearance CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier. com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividual contributionscontainedinitareprotected under copyrightbythePublisher (otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging. Asnew research andexperiencebroadenourunderstanding, changesinresearch methods,professional practices,ormedical treatment maybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheir ownexperience andknowledge inevaluating andusingany information,methods,compounds,orexperiments describedherein. Inusingsuchinformation ormethods theyshouldbemindfulof theirown safetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomthey havea professionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neither thePublishernortheauthors,contributors, or editors,assume anyliabilityforanyinjury and/ordamagetopersonsorproperty asa matterofproductsliability,negligence orotherwise,or fromanyuseor operationof anymethods,products, instructions,or ideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-12-821975-1 Forinformation onallElsevierpublications visitourwebsite athttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:Matthew Deans Acquisitions Editor: BrianGuerin EditorialProjectManager:Sara Greco ProductionProjectManager:Fahmida Sultana CoverDesigner: Christian J.Bilbow TypesetbyTNQTechnologies Contents 1. Introduction 1 1. Lunarenvironment 4 2. Martianenvironment 18 3. Asteroids 27 4. Summary 31 References 32 2. Dust related problems 35 1. Fineandchargeddustparticles 35 2. Dustchallenges 38 3. Futureplan 64 References 67 3. Fundamentals of electrodynamics 71 1. Introductiontoelectrostatics ofparticles 71 2. Electric charge 73 3. Coulomb’slawandelectricfield 75 4. Continues chargedistributions 76 5. Fieldlines,flux,andGauss’slaw 78 6. Electric potential 83 7. Comments onpotential 85 8. Workinelectrostatics 87 9. Ohm’slaw 88 10. Electromotiveforce 89 11. Faraday’slaw 91 Reference 93 4. Dust mitigation techniques 95 1. Introduction 95 2. Particlesremovalapproaches andmechanisms 98 References 124 5. Charging techniques and measurements 131 1. Introduction 131 2. Effectiveparametersondustmitigationmeasurements 138 3. Dustchargingmeasurements andstrategies 140 v vi Contents 4. Summary 150 References 150 6. Particle handling with electrostatic force 157 1. Introduction 157 2. Mitigationofdustadhesion 157 3. Samplingofregolith 169 4. Utilizationofregolith 177 References 185 7. Analytical and numerical modeling 191 1. Forces appliedon theparticles 193 2. Electric andpotentialfields 197 3. Particles trajectory 204 4. ScreenedCoulomb force 208 5. Electric curtainmodeling 211 6. Summary 220 References 221 8. Summary 223 Appendices 231 Index 261 CHAPTER 1 Introduction The Apollo missions were the start of lunar exploration and a “giant leap for mankind.” Planetary missions and sending robots and humans are definedinthefutureroadmapsofspaceagenciesasshowninFig.1.1.Each Apollo landing location was different and the astronauts had a loss in vis- ibility owing to dust clouds, with the severity of the problem changing. This shows that the thickness of the dust layer on the lunar surface varies depending on the location of the lunar surface. An instrument’s thermal control system may fail if a substantial amount of dust accumulates on it. This might lead to inaccurate results. The Apollo missions were the start of lunar exploration and a “giant leap for mankind.” The lack of adhesion is also a problem, although it’s not as significant as the loss of mobility. Nevertheless, Neil Armstrong noted that, at the end of the excursions, the dust that had accumulated beneath his boots made it more difficult to Figure1.1 Roadmap1.SpaceexplorationpathwayproposedintheGlobalExploration Roadmap.(FromLaurini,K.C.,Gerstenmaier,W.H.,2014.TheGlobalExplorationRoadmap and its significance for NASA. Space Policy 30 (3, Part B), 149e155. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.spacepol.2014.08.004.) ElectrostaticDustMitigationandManipulationTechniquesforPlanetaryDust ISBN978-0-12-821975-1 ©2023ElsevierInc. 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821975-1.00004-3 Allrightsreserved. 2 ElectrostaticDustMitigationandManipulationTechniquesforPlanetaryDust ascend the staircase of the lunar module. However, the buildup of dust withinexplorationequipmentmightleadtomissionfailure.TheSunvisors on astronaut helmets and zippers, for example, get clogged with lunar dust on a regular basis. As it turned out, this dust may cause severe abrasion when it accumulates. The problem with dust exists in other planetary environments such as Mars and on asteroids as well. These challenges have to be addressed before planning a mission. Planetary missions and sending robots and humans are defined in the future roadmaps of space agencies as shown in Fig. 1.1. International Space Station (ISS) development and low earth orbit satellites, understanding the surface of the Moon and Mars are consideredforupcomingmissions.Fig.1.2showsthenear-futurecommon international strategy for global space exploration which emphasizes maximizingtheuseoftheISS,expandingthesynergybetweenhumanand robotic missions, and launching exploration missions in the vicinity of the Moon that enable discoveries on the Moon and near-Earth asteroids and pave the way for enhancing the technologies for Marian mission. Figure 1.2 Roadmap2. Near-term highlights from the Global Exploration Roadmap.(FromLaurini,K.C.,Gerstenmaier,W.H.,2014.TheGlobalExplorationRoadmap and its significance for NASA. Space Policy, 30 (3, Part B), 149e155. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.spacepol.2014.08.004.) Introduction 3 The exploration of the Moon and Mars might serve as a platform to create and test new technologies, experience life on an extraterrestrial surface, and gain insights into the genesis of the cosmos. A fresh space habitat, on the other hand, is not easily constructed. This severe environ- ment, which includes high levels of solar radiation, a wide range of tem- perature variations, and an almost nonexistent atmosphere, will provide a challenge to future human and robotic expeditions. Due to dust’s electrical charge and tendency to stick to everything it comes into contact with, one of the most significant obstacles to furthering human space travel is its existence. Dust movement across areas withoutwinds or flowing water has also been reported. Apollo astronauts’ reported horizon glow above the surface of the Moon (Mccoy and Criswell, 1974). Radial spokes were observed by Voyagers around Saturn (Smith et al., 1981, 1982) and fine dust ponds recorded by the Rendezvous-Shoemaker mission on Eros (Robinson et al., 2001). The dust is fine and could be highly abrasive. In addition to that, the dust grains could acquire electrical charge from solar radiationorlocalweatheringprocesses.Theseelectrically chargedglass-like particles with sharp edges that float above the surface of the planetary systemcouldpotentiallyexposehazardstothefuturemannedorunmanned missions. They can infiltrate into mechanical devices, cover optical in- struments, and impose health risks to the astronauts. Problems exposed by the dust on the Moon have been characterized by Apollo missions. The Martian dust storm has been captured by different rovers on the surface of Mars and on different asteroid missions, dust particles exposed sampling difficulties and seal failures. In this book, the following points will be discussed: the harsh envi- ronmentoftheplanetarysystemssuchastheMoon,Mars,andasteroidsand their environment where the robotic systems and astronauts will be facing. We summarize the problems that previous missions had encountered and proposeapotentialsolutiontoavoidtheminfuture.Westudythepotential of using electrostatic and dielectrophoretic forces to remove and transport small particles away from surfaces by using a traveling electric field generated by a series of parallel electrodes connected to single or multiple AC power source(s). The traveling electric field created then serves as an invisible brush to clean surfaces and prevent dust from entering joints in space applications (e.g., bearing, solar panels, camera). Along the same route,wewilldiscussastronautsuitcleaningwithmagneticdeviceanddust sampling and classification. Then, we will look into numerical modeling and simulation of the electric field by finite element method and then we