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Electrons, Protons, and Solvents in Carbon Nanotubes by Gregory Arthur Pilgrim PDF

171 Pages·2015·24.8 MB·English
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Electrons,  Protons,  and  Solvents  in  Carbon  Nanotubes     by   Gregory  Arthur  Pilgrim     Submitted  in  Partial  Fulfillment   of  the   Requirements  for  the  Degree   Doctor  of  Philosophy     Supervised  by   Professor  Todd  D.  Krauss     Department  of  Chemistry   Arts,  Sciences  and  Engineering   School  of  Arts  and  Sciences     University  of  Rochester   Rochester,  NY     2015 ii   This  thesis  is  dedicated  to  the  graduate  students  of  the  Laboratory  for  Electronic   Ceramics  at  Alfred  University.    For  the  last  twenty  years  I’ve  wanted  to  be  as  cool  as   you.     “…and  he  that  will  not  apply  new  remedies  must  expect  new  evils;  for  time  is  the   greatest  innovator;  and  if  time  of  course  alter  things  to  the  worse,  and  wisdom  and   council  shall  not  alter  them  to  the  better,  what  will  be  the  end?”   Sir  Francis  Bacon,  1625 iii   Biographical  Sketch     The  author  was  born  in  Columbia,  Maryland  on  August  25th  1988.    He   attended  Rochester  Institute  of  Technology  from  2006  to  2009  and  Alfred   University  from  2009  to  2010.    He  graduated  from  RIT  with  a  Bachelor  of  Science   degree  in  Chemistry  in  2010  after  which  he  began  graduate  studies  at  the  University   of  Rochester.    He  received  his  Masters  degree  in  Chemistry  in  2012.    Throughout  his   graduate  career  he  has  been  advised  by  Professor  Todd  Krauss.    He  was  awarded  a   Weissberger  Fellowship  in  2014.    While  at  the  University  of  Rochester  he  has   published  one  paper  and  submitted  one  patent.     Publications   Gregory  A.  Pilgrim,  Joanne  W.  Leadbetter,  Fen  Qiu,  Anni  J.  Siitonen,  Steven  M.   Pilgrim,  and  Todd  D.  Krauss,  “Electron  Conductive  and  Proton  Permeable  Vertically   Aligned  Carbon  Nanotube  Membranes”  Nano  Lett.,  2014,  14  (4),  pp  1728–1733     Gregory  A.  Pilgrim,  Amanda  R.  Amori,  Zhentao  Hou,  Fen  Qui,  Todd  D.  Krauss,   “Simultaneous  Evaluation  of  Proton  and  Electron  Crossing  In  Carbon  Nanotube   Membranes”  In  Preparation     Gregory  A.  Pilgrim,  Chae  Un  Kim,  Surendra  K.  Gupta,  Sol  M.  Gruner,  Todd  D.  Krauss,   “Observation  of  Tetragonal  Ice  Confined  in  Carbon  Nanotubes”  In  Preparation iv   Patent  Pending   Membranes  With  Vertically  Correlated  Carbon  Nanotubes,  And  Methods  Of  Making   And  Using  Same,  Patent  Application  Number  61/945,439 v   Acknowledgements   First  and  foremost  I  would  like  to  say  a  massive  thank  you  to  my  groupmates.     It’s  you,  individually  and  collectively,  that  I’ve  spent  the  last  five  years  with,  and  it’s   you  that  have  made  those  years  so  pleasant.    It’s  been  our  discussions  that  have   formed  my  views  of  what  a  scientist  ought  to  be,  and  do.    To  Michael  Odoi  in   particular,  a  source  of  insight  and  wisdom  where  it  was  sorely  needed,  a  special   thanks  is  due.    To  Sanela  Lampa-­‐Pastrik,  for  her  insightful  and  speedy  contributions   to  the  assembly  of  this  work,  a  large  thank  you  is  due  as  well.   Next,  thank  you  to  my  advisor,  Todd  Krauss.    Todd  kept  the  bills  paid  for  the   past  five  years,  no  small  accomplishment  in  the  current  funding  climate,  and  one  I’m   very  grateful  for.    Todd  also  gave  me  significant  leeway  to  look  into  things  that   interested  me.    Sometimes  those  things  bore  fruit,  other  times  not.    In  any  case  I’m   grateful  for  the  chance  to  have  looked.   To  my  collaborators,  of  which  there  are  many,  a  thank  you  for  your  uniting   features:  a  willingness  to  help,  and  a  patience  with  me  as  I  learned.    I  would   particularly  like  to  thank  Brian  McIntyre  of  URnano,  for  his  patience,  his  good   humor,  and  for  his  efforts  on  behalf  of  my  endeavors.    Similarly,  the  staffs  of  the   Cornell  Nanoscale  Facility,  the  Institute  for  Electronics  and  Nanotechnology  and  the   Cornell  High  Energy  Synchrotron  Source  have  all  been  exceedingly  kind  to  me,  and   patient  with  my  less-­‐than-­‐orthodox  ideas  for  their  equipment.    Thank  you  all.   To  the  staff  of  the  Chemistry  Department,  who  provided  the  underlying   structure  for  all  of  this,  a  big  thank  you. vi   To  the  extended  swimming  community,  including  but  not  limited  to,  the   Rochester  Monroe  County  Certified  Swim  Officials,  the  University  of  Rochester   Masters  Swim  Team  swimmers  and  staff,  and  my  friends,  coaches,  and  teammates   from  USA  and  NCAA  Swimming,  thank  you  for  your  camaraderie,  enthusiasm,  and   particularly  for  the  perspective  that  comes  with  knowing  that  maintaining  mental   focus  is  one  thing  but  maintaining  mental  focus  without  breathing  is  quite  another.   To  the  Baldwins,  your  interest  in,  and  enthusiasm  for,  my  work  has  been  a   great  encouragement  throughout  this  process.    Thank  you  very  much.   To  my  parents,  your  involvement  in  all  of  this  is  less  concrete,  but  crucial  just   the  same.    What  you’ve  done,  and  been,  for  me  belies  description  but  underpins   everything  I  do,  including  this  work.    Thank  you.   And  finally  to  Caitlin,  it’s  been  a  great  five  years,  let’s  have  many,  many  more! vii   Abstract   The  two  regimes  of  carbon  nanotubes  –  wall  and  bore  –  provide  two  distinct   environments.    The  extended  pi  structure  of  nanotube  walls  was  used  to  transport   electrons  at  energy  levels  dependent  on  the  wall  chirality.    The  empty  bore  was  used   to  host  solvent  molecules  and  provide  a  pathway  for  proton  transport.     Simultaneous  transport  of  both  charged  species  was  measured  in  a  donor-­‐acceptor   system  inspired  by  photosynthesis  in  plants  and  aimed  at  storing  solar  energy  in   chemical  fuel.    Transport  was  observed  spectroscopically  through  use  of  indicator   molecules.    The  interaction  of  solvent  molecules  in  the  bore  with  the  confinement   imposed  by  the  walls  was  also  probed  by  x-­‐ray  diffraction  at  low  temperature.     Confined  molecules  and  their  interactions  have  implications  for  areas  as  diverse  as   protein  folding  and  geology. viii   Contributors  and  Funding  Sources   Committee   Professor  Todd  Krauss,  Departments  of  Chemistry  and  Optics   Professor  Lisa  DeLouise,  Departments  of  Dermatology,  Biomedical  Engineering,  and   Electrical  and  Computer  Engineering   Professor  Kara  Bren,  Department  of  Chemistry   Chair   Professor  Hitomi  Mukaibo,  Department  of  Chemical  Engineering     Contributors   Joanne  Leadbetter  assisted  in  the  design  and  collection  of  voltage  driven   proton-­‐crossing  measurements  described  in  Chapter  2.    Fen  Qiu  synthesized  the   quantum  dots  used  in  Chapters  2  and  3.    Anni  Siitonen  assisted  in  the  development   of  the  vertically  aligned  nanotube  growth  procedure  described  in  Chapter  2.    Steven   Pilgrim  assisted  in  the  development  of  the  epoxy  impregnation  method  described  in   Chapter  2.     Amanda  Amori  and  Zhentao  Hou  performed  the  nanotube  solubilizations  and   collected  the  spectroscopic  information  used  to  identify  nanotube  chirality   described  in  Chapter  3.    Michael  Mark  and  Stephanie  Daifuku  built  the  Raman   system  used  in  some  measurements  in  Chapter  3. ix     Chae  Un  Kim  and  Sol  Gruner  assisted  with  collection  of  the  x-­‐ray  diffraction   patterns  described  in  Chapter  4.    Surendra  (Vinnie)  Gupta  assisted  with  analysis  of   the  powder  diffraction  patterns  described  in  Chapter  4.     All  work  mentioned  above,  with  the  exception  of  quantum  dot  synthesis,   nanotube  solubilization,  and  Raman  system  construction  was  carried  out  in  direct   collaboration  with  Greg  Pilgrim,  the  author  of  this  thesis.    All  other  work  described   in  this  thesis  was  developed  and  carried  out  by  Greg  Pilgrim  under  the  guidance  of   Todd  Krauss.     Funding  Sources   This  work  was  funded  by  the  U.S.  Department  of  Energy.    Significant  portions   of  this  work  were  performed  at  the  Cornell  Nanoscale  Facility  at  Cornell  University   and  at  the  Institute  for  Electronics  and  Nanotechnology  at  Georgia  Institute  of   Technology,  both  of  which  are  members  of  the  National  Nanotechnology   Infrastructure  Network  supported  by  the  National  Science  Foundation.    Chapter  4   covers  work  performed  at  the  Cornell  High  Energy  Synchrotron  Source  at  Cornell   University,  which  is  also  supported  by  the  National  Science  Foundation. x   Table  of  Contents   Dedication                     ii   Biographical  Sketch                 iii   Acknowledgements                 v   Abstract                     vii   Contributors  and  Funding  Sources           viii   Table  of  Contents                 x   List  of  Tables                   xv   List  of  Figures                   xvi   List  of  Abbreviations                 xxxv   Chapter  1:  Introduction               2     1.1:  Energy                   2       1.1.1  Energy  Consumption             2       1.1.2  Solar  Power               2       1.1.3  Transportation  Fuel             3       1.1.4  Solar  Hydrogen               4     1.2  Artificial  Photosynthesis               5       1.2.1  Background               5       1.2.2  Charge  Separation             6       1.2.3  Water  Splitting               9

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For the last twenty years I've wanted to be as cool as you. absorbed by a zinc porphyrin chromophore, promoting an Cartoon credit Lenore Kubie. 9. Figure 1.4. Scanning electron microscope micrographs of A) electrically.
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