Contents Electronics — A First Course http://avaxho.me/blogs/ChrisRedfield AFCpreli2 02 February 2006 15:36 page 1 Black This page intentionally left blank Contents Electronics — A First Course Second Edition Owen Bishop AMSTERDAM (cid:127) BOSTON (cid:127) HEIDELBERG (cid:127) LONDON (cid:127) NEW YORK (cid:127) OXFORD PARIS (cid:127) SAN DIEGO (cid:127) SAN FRANCISCO (cid:127) SINGAPORE (cid:127) SYDNEY (cid:127) TOKYO Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier AFCpreli2 02 February 2006 15:36 page 3 Black Contents Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 30 Corporate Drive, Burlington, MA 01801 First edition 2002 Second edition 2006 Copyright © 2002, 2006, Owen Bishop. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved The right of Owen Bishop to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science and Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax: (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record of this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN-13: 978-0-7506-6960-3 ISBN-10: 0-7506-6960-8 For information on all Newnes publications visit our web site at www.newnespress.com Printed and bound in UK 06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 AFCpreli2 02 February 2006 15:36 page 4 Black Contents Contents Introduction xi What is electronics? 1 How to use this book 1 Part 1: Electricity 2 1 Electrons 2 2 Static and current electricity 5 Extension Boxes 1 Ions in solutions 7 2 Ions in gases 7 3 Electric current 8 4 Conductors 8 5 Discharging static electricity 9 6 Conduction through solutions 9 7 Photocopying 10 3 Cells and batteries 11 4 Current, voltage and power 14 16 5 Alternating currents 18 6 Mains electricity 20 7 Plugs and fuses 22 8 Electricity in the home 24 9 Sources of energy 26 10 More sources of energy 28 Extension Boxes 8 Power supply unit 30 9 Root mean square 30 10 Joules and watts 31 11 Volts 31 12 Cells in series 32 Questions on electricity 32 AFCpreli2 02 February 2006 15:36 page 5 Black vi Contents Part 2: Electronic components 11Resistance 34 12 Resistors 36 13 More about resistors 38 14 Resistor networks 40 Extension Boxes 13 Resistances in parallel 42 14 Mixed networks 42 15 Resistor printed code 43 16 Multiturn trimmers 43 17 Energy transfer 43 18 More about voltage dividers 44 19 Measuring resistance 45 Questions on resistance 45 15 Capacitors 48 16 Charging capacitors 50 17 Inductors 53 Extension Boxes 20 Electric motors 56 21 Generators 57 22 Power and current 57 23 Power and voltage 58 24 Mains power distribution 58 25 High voltage transmission 59 Questions on capacitors and inductors 59 18 SI units 61 19 Switches 64 Extension Boxes 26 More switches 66 27 Rotary switches 67 28 Relays 67 20 Diodes 68 21 Rectifier diodes 70 22 Light-emitting diodes 72 Extension Boxes 29 Power diodes 74 30 Voltage-current graphs 74 31 Current through a diode 75 32 Zener diodes 75 Questions on diodes 75 AFCpreli2 02 February 2006 15:36 page 6 Black Contents vii 23 Light-dependent resistors 76 77 24 Thermistors 78 79 25 Transistors 80 26 Transistor action 82 27 Transistor switches 84 86 Extension Box 33 Surface mount devices 91 28 Thyristors 92 29 Field effect transistors 95 Extension Boxes 34 Switching a relay 97 35 Protective diode 97 36 Data sheets 98 37 Selecting transistors 99 38 Selecting a BJT (1) 100 39 Selecting a BJT (2) 101 40 Selecting an FET (1) 102 41 Selecting an FET (2) 103 Questions on sensors, transistors and thyristors 103 Part 3: Electronic systems 106 30 The structure of a system 106 108 31 Sensors 114 118 32 Interfacing sensors 120 123 124 33 Amplifying signals AFCpreli2 02 February 2006 15:36 page 7 Black viii Contents Extension Boxes 42 Non-inverting amplifier 128 43 Clipping 128 44 Op amp mixer 129 45 Transistor pre-amplifier 129 46 Building and testing the pre-amplifier 130 47 A stabilised pre-amplifier 130 48 Op amp inverting amplifier 131 Questions on systems, sensors and interfacing 131 Questions on amplifiers 131 34 Timing 132 Extension Boxes 49 Duty cycle 137 50 Variable frequency 137 51 Variable duty cycle (1) 137 52 Variable duty cycle (2) 138 Extension questions on amplifiers 138 Questions on timing 139 141 35 Logic 142 Questions on logic 148 36 Logical systems 150 Questions on logical systems 154 155 37 Logical sequences 156 Questions on logical sequences 165 167 38 Storing data 168 Questions on storing data 171 39 Microcontrollers 172 Questions on microcontrollers 175 40 Programs 176 AFCpreli2 02 February 2006 15:36 page 8 Black Contents ix Questions on programs 180 181 41 Visual output 182 42 Audible output 183 43 Mechanical output 184 Questions on output devices 185 187 Part 4: Electronic systems in action 188 44 Audio systems 188 45 Radio transmission 192 Questions on audio systems and radio transmission 193 46 Radio reception 194 Questions on radio reception 195 47 Digital communications 196 Extension Boxes 53 Time division multiplexing 199 54 RS-232 ports 199 55 ASCII code 199 56 Cable transmission 200 57 Optical transmission 201 Questions on digital communications 201 48 Computers 202 46 Control systems 206 Extension Box 58 Voltage regulators 210 Questions on computers and control systems 210 211 Supplements 212 A Symbols used for circuits 212 B Symbols used in flowcharts 215 AFCpreli2 02 February 2006 15:36 page 9 Black