Second Edition ELECTRONIC, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL MATERIALS Advanced Materials and Technologies Series Series Editor Yury Gogotsi Drexel University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Electronic, Magnetic, and Optical Materials, Second Edition, Pradeep Fulay and Jung-Kun Lee Carbon Nanomaterials, Second Edition, edited by Yury Gogotsi and Volker Presser Carbons for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Systems, edited by François Béguin and Elzbieta Frackowiak Nanotubes and Nanofibers, edited by Yury Gogotsi Second Edition ELECTRONIC, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL MATERIALS Pradeep Fulay Jung-Kun lee CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper Version Date: 20160915 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-0169-3 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Fulay, Pradeep P., 1960- author. | Lee, Jung-Kun, author. Title: Electronic, magnetic, and optical materials / Pradeep Fulay and Jung-Kun Lee. Description: Second edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2016. | Series: Advanced materials and technologies series | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016024617 | ISBN 9781498701693 (alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Electronics--Materials. | Magnetic materials. | Optical materials. Classification: LCC TK7871 .F85 2016 | DDC 621.381--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016024617 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface Authors Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Classification of Materials 1.3 Crystalline Materials 1.4 Ceramics, Metals and Alloys, and Polymers 1.4.1 Interatomic Bonds in Materials 1.5 Functional Classification of Materials 1.6 Crystal Structures 1.7 Directions and Planes in Crystal Structures 1.7.1 Miller Indices for Directions 1.7.2 Miller Indices for Planes 1.7.3 Miller–Bravais Indices for Hexagonal Systems 1.7.4 Interplanar Spacing 1.8 Interstitial Sites or Holes in Crystal Structures 1.9 Coordination Numbers 1.10 Radius Ratio Concept 1.11 Crystal Structures of Different Materials 1.11.1 Structure of Sodium Chloride 1.11.2 Structure of Cesium Chloride 1.11.3 Diamond Cubic Structure 1.11.4 Zinc Blende Structure 1.11.5 Wurtzite Structure 1.11.6 Fluorite and Antifluorite Structure 1.11.7 Corundum Structure 1.11.8 Perovskite Crystal Structure 1.11.9 Spinel and Inverse Spinel Structures 1.12 Defects in Materials 1.13 Point Defects in Ceramic Materials 1.14 Kröger–Vink Notation for Point Defects 1.15 Dislocations 1.16 Stacking Faults and Grain Boundaries 1.17 Microstructure–Property Relationships 1.17.1 Grain Boundary Effects