Fourth Edition P r i n c i p l e s o f Electronic Communication Systems Louis E. Frenzel Jr. Electronic Principles of Communication Systems Fourth Edition Louis E. Frenzel Jr. PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, FOURTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2 016 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2008, 2003, and 1998. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. 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Donnelley All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Frenzel, Louis E., Jr., 1938– Principles of electronic communication systems / Louis E. Frenzel Jr. —Fourth edition. pages cm Includes index. ISBN 978-0-07-337385-0 (alk. paper) — ISBN 0-07-337385-0 (alk. paper) 1. Telecommunication—Textbooks. 2. Wireless communication systems—Textbooks. I. Title. TK5101.F664 2014 384.5—dc23 2014031478 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. www.mhhe.com Contents Preface viii Chapter 1 Introduction to Electronic Communication 1 1-1 The Signifi cance of Human 1-6 Bandwidth 18 Communication 3 1-7 A Survey of 1-2 Communication Systems 3 Communication 1-3 Types of Electronic Applications 21 Communication 6 1-8 Jobs and Careers in the Communication 1-4 Modulation and Multiplexing 8 Industry 23 1-5 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 12 Chapter 2 Electronic Fundamentals for Communications 30 2-1 Gain, Attenuation, 2-3 Filters 56 and Decibels 31 2-4 Fourier Theory 77 2-2 Tuned Circuits 41 Chapter 3 Amplitude Modulation Fundamentals 92 3-1 AM Concepts 93 3-4 AM Power 104 3-2 Modulation Index and 3-5 Single-Sideband Percentage of Modulation 95 Modulation 108 3-3 Sidebands and the Frequency 3-6 Classifi cation of Radio Domain 98 Emissions 112 Chapter 4 Amplitude Modulator and Demodulator Circuits 117 4-1 Basic Principles of Amplitude 4-4 Balanced Modulation 118 Modulators 134 4-2 Amplitude Modulators 121 4-5 SSB Circuits 141 4-3 Amplitude Demodulators 129 iii Chapter 5 Fundamentals of Frequency Modulation 150 5-1 Basic Principles of Frequency 5-4 Noise Suppression Modulation 151 Ef ects of FM 163 5-2 Principles of Phase 5-5 Frequency Modulation Modulation 153 Versus Amplitude Modulation 167 5-3 Modulation Index and Sidebands 156 Chapter 6 FM Circuits 172 6-1 Frequency Modulators 173 6-2 Phase Modulators 180 6-3 Frequency Demodulators 183 Chapter 7 Digital Communication Techniques 192 7-1 Digital Transmission 7-4 Pulse Modulation 222 of Data 193 7-5 Digital Signal 7-2 Parallel and Serial Processing 228 Transmission 194 7-3 Data Conversion 197 Chapter 8 Radio Transmitters 236 8-1 Transmitter Fundamentals 237 8-4 Impedance-Matching Networks 276 8-2 Carrier Generators 241 8-5 Typical Transmitter 8-3 Power Amplifi ers 259 Circuits 286 Chapter 9 Communication Receivers 291 9-1 Basic Principles of Signal 9-5 Noise 314 Reproduction 292 9-6 Typical Receiver 9-2 Superheterodyne Circuits 325 Receivers 295 9-7 Receivers and 9-3 Frequency Conversion 297 Transceivers 334 9-4 Intermediate Frequency and Images 306 iv Contents Chapter 10 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing 347 10-1 Multiplexing Principles 348 10-4 Pulse-Code Modulation 365 10-2 Frequency-Division Multiplexing 349 10-5 Duplexing 371 10-3 Time-Division Multiplexing 357 Chapter 11 Digital Data Transmission 374 11-1 Digital Codes 375 11-6 Broadband Modem 11-2 Principles of Digital Techniques 412 Transmission 377 11-7 Error Detection and 11-3 Transmission Ei ciency 383 Correction 416 11-4 Modem Concepts and 1 1-8 Protocols 426 Methods 389 11-5 Wideband Modulation 403 Chapter 12 Fundamentals of Networking, Local- Area Networks, and Ethernet 434 12-1 Network Fundamentals 435 12-3 Ethernet LANs 449 12-2 LAN Hardware 441 12-4 Advanced Ethernet 458 Chapter 13 Transmission Lines 462 13-1 Transmission Line 13-3 Transmission Lines as Basics 463 Circuit Elements 485 13-2 Standing Waves 476 13-4 The Smith Chart 490 Chapter 14 Antennas and Wave Propagation 504 14-1 Antenna Fundamentals 505 14-3 Radio Wave 14-2 Common Antenna Types 513 Propagation 538 Chapter 15 Internet Technologies 556 15-1 Internet Applications 557 15-3 Storage-Area Networks 577 15-2 Internet Transmission Systems 561 15-4 Internet Security 580 Contents v Chapter 16 Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Communication 588 16-1 Microwave Concepts 589 16-5 Microwave Tubes 621 16-2 Microwave Lines 16-6 Microwave and Devices 596 Antennas 625 16-3 Waveguides and Cavity 16-7 Microwave and Resonators 605 Millimeter-Wave 16-4 Microwave Semiconductor Applications 642 Diodes 617 Chapter 17 Satellite Communication 655 17-1 Satellite Orbits 656 17-5 Satellite 17-2 Satellite Communication Applications 680 Systems 663 17-6 Global Navigation 17-3 Satellite Subsystems 667 Satellite Systems 685 17-4 Ground Stations 673 Chapter 18 Telecommunication Systems 695 18-1 Telephones 696 18-3 Facsimile 714 18-2 Telephone System 708 18-4 Internet Telephony 720 Chapter 19 Optical Communication 726 19-1 Optical Principles 727 19-5 Wavelength-Division 19-2 Optical Communication Multiplexing 762 Systems 731 19-6 Passive Optical 19-3 Fiber-Optic Cables 736 Networks 764 19-4 Optical Transmitters and 19-7 40/100-Gbps Networks Receivers 747 and Beyond 767 Chapter 20 Cell Phone Technologies 775 20-1 Cellular Telephone 20-4 Long Term Evolution Systems 776 and 4G Cellular Systems 792 20-2 A Cellular Industry Overview 782 20-5 Base Stations and Small Cells 803 20-3 2 G and 3G Digital Cell Phone Systems 785 vi Contents Chapter 21 Wireless Technologies 815 21-1 Wireless LAN 817 21-6 Radio-Frequency 21-2 PANs and Bluetooth 824 Identifi cation and Near-Field 21-3 ZigBee and Mesh Wireless Communications 834 Networks 827 21-7 Ultrawideband 21-4 WiMAX and Wireless Wireless 839 Metropolitan-Area Networks 829 21-8 Additional Wireless Applications 843 21-5 Infrared Wireless 830 Chapter 22 Communication Tests and Measurements 849 22-1 Communication Test Equipment 850 22-2 Common Communication Tests 866 22-3 Troubleshooting Techniques 883 22-4 Electromagnetic Interference Testing 888 Answers to Selected Problems 896 Glossary 898 Credits 918 Index 919 Contents vii Preface This new fourth edition of Principles of Electronic Communication Systems is fully revised and updated to make it one of the most current textbooks available on wireless, n etworking, and other communications technologies. Because the i eld of electronic c ommunications changes so fast, it is a never-ending challenge to keep a textbook up to date. While principles do not change, their emphasis and relevance do as technology evolves. Furthermore, students need not only a i rm grounding in the fundamentals but also an essential understanding of the real world components, circuits, equipment, and systems in everyday use. This latest edition attempts to balance the principles with an overview of the latest techniques. A continuing goal of this latest revision is to increase the emphasis on the system level understanding of wireless, networking, and other communications technologies. Because of the heavy integration of communications circuits today, the engineer and the technician now work more with printed circuit boards, modules, plug-in cards, and equip- ment rather than component level circuits. As a result, older obsolete circuits have been removed from this text and replaced with more integrated circuits and block diagram level analysis. Modern communications engineers and technicians work with specii cations and standards and spend their time testing, measuring, installing, and troubleshooting. This edition moves in that direction. Detailed circuit analysis is still included in selected areas where it proves useful in understanding the concepts and issues in current equipment. In the past, a course in communications was considered an option in many elec- tronic programs. Today, communications is the largest sector of the electronics i eld with the most employees and the largest equipment sales annually. In addition, wire- less, networking, or other communications technologies are now contained in almost every electronic product. This makes a knowledge and understanding of communica- tion a must rather than an option for every student. Without at least one course in communications, the student may graduate with an incomplete view of the products and systems so common today. This book can provide the background to meet the needs of such a general course. As the Communications Editor for Electronic Design Magazine (Penton), I have observed the continuous changes in the components, circuits, equipment, systems, and applications of modern communications. As I research the i eld, interview engineers and executives, and attend the many conferences for the articles and columns I write, I have come to see the growing importance of communications in all of our lives. I have tried to bring that perspective to this latest edition where the most recent techniques and technologies are explained. That perspective coupled with the feedback and insight from some of you who teach this subject has resulted in a textbook that is better than ever. New to this Edition Here is a chapter-by-chapter summary of revisions and additions to this new edition. Chapters 1–6 Updating of circuits. Removing obsolete circuits and adding current circuits. Chapter 7 U pdated section on data conversion, including a new section on overs- ampling and undersampling. viii Chapter 8 Expanded coverage of the I/Q architecture for digital data transmis- sion. New section on phase noise. Addition of broadband linear power amplii ers using feedforward and adaptive predistortion tech- niques. New coverage of Doherty amplii ers and envelope tracking amplii ers for improved power efi ciency. Addition of new IC trans- mitters and transceivers. New coverage of LDMOS and GaN RF power transistors. Chapter 9 Expanded coverage of receiver sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio, its importance and calculation. Addition of AWGN and expanded coverage of intermodulation distortion. Increased coverage of the software- dei ned radio (SDR). New IC receiver circuits and transceivers. Chapter 10 Updated coverage of multiplexing and access techniques. Chapter 11 Expanded coverage of digital modulation and spectral efi ciency. Increased coverage of digital modulation schemes. New coverage of DSL, ADSL, and VDSL. Addition of cable TV system coverage. Improved coverage of the OSI model. Addition of an explanation of how different digital modulation schemes affect the bit error rate (BER) in communications systems. Updated sections on spread spec- trum and OFDM. A new section on convolutional and turbo coding and coding gain. Chapter 12 Heavily revised to emphasize fundamentals and Ethernet. Dated mate- rial removed. Expanded and updated to include the latest Ethernet stan- dards for i ber-optic and copper versions for 100 Gbps. Chapter 13 Minor revisions and updates. Chapter 14 M inor revisions and updates. Chapter 15 Fully updated. Addition of coverage of IPv6 and the Optical Transport Network standard. Chapter 16 U pdated with new emphasis on millimeter waves. Updated circuitry. Chapter 17 R evised and updated. Chapter 18 Removal of dated material and updating. Chapter 19 E xpanded section on MSA optical transceiver modules, types and specii cations. OM i ber added. Addition of coverage of 100-Gbps techniques, including Mach-Zehnder modulators and DP-QPSK modulation. Chapter 20 E xtensively revisions on cell phone technologies. New coverage on HSPA and Long Term Evolution (LTE) 4G systems. Analysis of a smartphone. Backhaul. A glimpse of 5G including small cells. Chapter 21 U pdates include addition of the latest 802.11ac and 802.11ad Wi-Fi standards. New coverage on machine-to-machine (M2M), the Internet of Things (IoT), and white space technology. Chapter 22 Revisions and updates include a new section on vector signal analyzers and generators. One major change is the elimination of the ineffective chapter summaries. Instead, new Online Activity sections have been added to give students the opportunity to further explore new communications techniques, to dig deeper into the theory, and to become more adept at using the Internet to i nd needed information. These activities show students the massive stores of communications information they can tap for free at any time. In a large book such as this, it’s difi cult to give every one what he or she wants. Some want more depth, others greater breadth. I tried to strike a balance between the two. As always, I am always eager to hear from those of you who use the book and welcome your suggestions for the next edition. Preface ix