(cid:2) Electromagnetic Shielding Theory and Applications Second Edition (cid:2) (cid:2) Salvatore Celozzi Rodolfo Araneo Paolo Burghignoli Giampiero Lovat ElectricalEngineeringDepartment“LaSapienza”UniversityRome,Italy (cid:2) (cid:2) Thiseditionfirstpublished2023 ©2023JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved. EditionHistory JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.(1e,2008) Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingor otherwise,exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerialfromthis titleisavailableathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. TherightofSalvatoreCelozzi,RodolfoAraneo,PaoloBurghignoli,andGiampieroLovattobe identifiedasauthorsofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewithlaw. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Celozzi,Salvatore,author. Title:Electromagneticshielding:theoryandapplications/Salvatore Celozzi,RodolfoAraneo,PaoloBurghignoli,GiampieroLovat. Description:Secondedition.|Hoboken,NJ,USA:Wiley,2023.|Series: Wileyseriesinmicrowaveandopticalengineering|Includes bibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2022052851(print)|LCCN2022052852(ebook)|ISBN 9781119736288(hardback)|ISBN9781119736295(adobepdf)|ISBN 9781119736301(epub) Subjects:LCSH:Shielding(Electricity)|Magneticshielding. Classification:LCCTK454.4.M33C452022(print)|LCCTK454.4.M33 (ebook)|DDC621.34–dc23/eng/20221107 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2022052851 LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2022052852 CoverDesign:Wiley CoverImage:©Zita/Shutterstock Setin9.5/12.5ptSTIXTwoTextbyStraive,Chennai,India (cid:2) (cid:2) iii Contents AbouttheAuthors ix Preface xiii 1 ElectromagneticsBehindShielding 1 1.1 Definitions 1 1.2 Notation,Symbology,andAcronyms 3 1.3 MacroscopicElectromagnetismandMaxwell’sEquations 4 1.4 ConstitutiveRelations 6 (cid:2) (cid:2) 1.5 DiscontinuitiesandSingularities 11 1.6 InitialConditions,BoundaryConditions,andCausality 12 1.7 Poynting’sTheoremandEnergyConsiderations 13 1.8 FundamentalTheorems 16 1.8.1 UniquenessTheorem 16 1.8.2 ReciprocityTheorem 16 1.8.3 EquivalencePrinciple 18 1.8.4 Duality 19 1.8.5 Symmetry 20 1.8.6 ImagePrinciple 21 1.8.7 Babinet’sPrinciple 21 1.9 WaveEquations,Helmholtz’sEquations,Potentials,andGreen’s Functions 23 1.10 BasicShieldingMechanisms 28 1.11 SourceInsideorOutsidetheShieldingStructureandReciprocity 29 References 30 2 ShieldingMaterials 33 2.1 StandardMetallicandFerromagneticMaterials 33 2.2 FerrimagneticMaterials 39 2.3 FerroelectricMaterials 41 2.4 ThinFilmsandConductiveCoatings 43 2.5 OtherMaterialsSuitableforEMShieldingApplications 45 (cid:2) (cid:2) iv Contents 2.5.1 StructuralMaterials 45 2.5.2 ConductivePolymers 45 2.5.3 ConductiveGlassesandTransparentMaterials 46 2.5.4 Conductive(andFerromagneticorFerrimagnetic)Papers 46 2.6 SpecialMaterials 46 2.6.1 MetamaterialsandChiralMaterials 46 2.6.2 CompositeMaterials 49 2.6.3 Graphene 50 2.6.4 OtherNanomaterials 53 2.6.5 High-TemperatureSuperconductors 54 References 54 3 FiguresofMeritforShieldingConfigurations 61 3.1 (Local)ShieldingEffectiveness 61 3.2 TheGlobalPointofView 64 3.3 OtherProposalsofFiguresofMerit 65 3.4 Energy-Based,Content-OrientedDefinition 69 3.5 PerformanceofShieldedCables 69 References 70 (cid:2) (cid:2) 4 ShieldingEffectiveness:PlaneWaves 73 4.1 ElectromagneticPlaneWaves:DefinitionsandProperties 73 4.2 UniformPlaneWavesIncidentonaPlanarShield 75 4.2.1 Transmission-LineApproach 76 4.2.2 TheSinglePlanarShield 79 4.2.3 Multiple(orLaminated)Shields 84 4.3 PlaneWavesNormallyIncidentonCylindricalShieldingSurfaces 86 4.4 PlaneWavesAgainstSphericalShields 93 4.5 ExtensionoftheTLAnalogytoNear-FieldSources 94 4.5.1 Examples 101 References 106 5 ShieldingEffectiveness:Near-FieldSources 109 5.1 Spectral-DomainApproach 109 5.1.1 Maxwell’sEquationsintheSpectralDomain 110 5.1.2 TM/TEDecompositionandEquivalentTransmissionLines 112 5.1.3 SpectralDyadicGreen’sFunctions 116 5.1.4 FieldEvaluationintheSpatialDomain 119 5.2 LFMagneticShieldingofMetalPlates:ParallelLoop 122 5.2.1 Spectral-DomainApproach 122 5.2.2 VectorMagnetic-PotentialApproach 126 5.2.3 ApproximateFormulations 127 (cid:2) (cid:2) Contents v 5.3 LFMagneticShieldingofMetalPlates:PerpendicularLoop 130 5.4 LFMagneticShieldingofMetalPlates:ParallelCurrentLine 134 References 137 6 TransientShielding 141 6.1 PerformanceParameters:DefinitionsandProperties 141 6.2 TransientSources:PlaneWavesandDipoles 145 6.2.1 TransientUniformPlaneWaves 145 6.2.2 TransientDipoles 148 6.3 NumericalSolutionsviaInverse-FourierTransform 149 6.4 AnalyticalSolutionsinCanonicalConfigurations 150 6.4.1 TransientPlaneWavesonaSingle-LayerScreen 151 6.4.2 TransientDipoles:TheCagniard–deHoopMethod 155 6.4.2.1 ThinConductiveSheet 159 6.4.2.2 GrapheneSheet 161 6.4.2.3 Generalizations:ThickShields,MultilayeredShields 164 References 164 7 NumericalMethodsforShieldingAnalyses 169 (cid:2) (cid:2) 7.1 Finite-ElementMethod 171 7.2 MethodofMoments 187 7.3 Finite-DifferenceTime-DomainMethod 208 7.4 FiniteIntegrationTechnique 221 7.5 Transmission-LineMatrixMethod 226 7.6 PartialElementEquivalentCircuitMethod 230 7.7 TestCaseforComparingNumericalMethods 239 References 242 8 AperturesinPlanarMetalScreens 257 8.1 HistoricalBackground 258 8.2 StatementoftheProblem 259 8.3 Low-FrequencyAnalysis:TransmissionThroughSmall Apertures 260 8.4 TheSmallCircularAperture 261 8.4.1 Bethe’sTheory 262 8.4.2 Spectral-DomainFormulation 267 8.5 SmallNoncircularApertures 269 8.6 FiniteNumberofSmallApertures 269 8.7 AperturesofArbitraryShape:Integral-EquationFormulation 272 8.8 RulesofThumb 275 References 277 (cid:2) (cid:2) vi Contents 9 Enclosures 283 9.1 ModalExpansionofElectromagneticFieldsInsideaMetallic Enclosure 284 9.2 OscillationsInsideanIdealSource-FreeEnclosure 287 9.3 TheEnclosureDyadicGreenFunction 288 9.4 ExcitationofaMetallicEnclosure 291 9.5 DampedOscillationsInsideEnclosureswithLossyWallsandQuality Factor 292 9.6 AperturesinPerfectlyConductingEnclosures 294 9.6.1 Small-ApertureApproximation 295 9.6.2 RigorousAnalysis:Integral-EquationFormulation 297 9.6.3 Aperture-CavityResonances 299 9.7 SmallLoadingEffects 301 9.8 TheRectangularEnclosure 302 9.8.1 SymmetryConsiderations 306 9.9 ShieldingEffectivenessofaRectangularEnclosurewithan Aperture 307 9.9.1 NumericalModels 307 9.9.2 AnalyticalModels 311 9.10 CaseStudy:RectangularEnclosurewithaCircularAperture 315 (cid:2) (cid:2) 9.10.1 ExternalSources:Plane-WaveExcitation 316 9.10.2 InternalSources:ElectricandMagneticDipoleExcitations 321 9.11 OverallPerformanceintheFrequencyDomain 326 9.12 OverallPerformanceintheTimeDomain 328 References 332 10 CableShielding 339 10.1 TransferImpedanceinTubularShieldedCablesandAperture Effects 340 10.2 RelationshipBetweenTransferImpedanceandShielding Effectiveness 345 10.3 ActualCablesandHarnesses 347 References 348 11 ComponentsandInstallationGuidelines 351 11.1 Gaskets 351 11.2 ShieldedWindows 355 11.3 ElectromagneticAbsorbers 357 11.4 ShieldedConnectors 358 11.5 Air-VentilationSystems 358 11.6 Fuses,Switches,andOtherSimilarComponents 359 References 359 (cid:2) (cid:2) Contents vii 12 FrequencySelectiveSurfaces 363 12.1 AnalysisofPeriodicStructures 364 12.1.1 FloquetTheoremandSpatialHarmonics 364 12.1.2 Plane-WaveIncidenceonaPlanar1DPeriodicStructure 366 12.1.3 Plane-WaveIncidenceonaPlanar2DPeriodicStructure 367 12.1.4 IntegralEquationFormulationforPlane-WaveIncidenceandPeriodic Green’sFunction 369 12.1.5 DipoleExcitationofPlanar2DPeriodicStructure 373 12.2 High-andLow-PassFSSs 376 12.3 Band-PassandBand-StopFSSs 380 12.3.1 Center-ConnectedElementsorN-PoleElements 381 12.3.2 Loop-TypeElements 382 12.3.3 Solid-Interior-TypeElements 382 12.3.4 CombinationsandFractalElements 382 12.4 RecentTrendsinFSSs 383 12.4.1 MultilayerandCascadedFSSs 383 12.4.2 3-DFSSs 385 12.4.3 2.5-DFSSs 387 12.4.4 ReconfigurableandActiveFSSs 387 12.5 AbsorbingFSSs 388 (cid:2) (cid:2) 12.5.1 CircuitAnalogAbsorbers 389 12.5.2 AbsorptiveFrequencySelectiveReflection/Transmission Structures 390 12.5.2.1 AFSRStructures 391 12.5.2.2 AFSTStructures(Frequency-SelectiveRasorbers) 391 12.6 ModelingandDesignofFSSs 392 References 394 13 ShieldingDesignGuidelines 409 13.1 EstablishmentoftheShieldingRequirements 410 13.2 AssessmentoftheNumberandTypesofFunctional Discontinuities 412 13.3 AssessmentofDimensionalConstraintsandNon-Electromagnetic CharacteristicsofMaterials 413 13.4 EstimationofShieldingPerformance 413 References 414 14 UncommonWaysofShielding 417 14.1 ActiveShielding 417 14.2 PartialShields 422 14.3 ChiralShielding 425 14.4 MetamaterialShielding 426 References 432 (cid:2) (cid:2) viii Contents AppendixA ElectrostaticShielding 439 A.1 BasicLawsofElectrostatics 440 A.2 ElectrostaticTools:ElectrostaticPotentialandGreen’sFunctions 442 A.3 ElectrostaticShields 446 A.3.1 ConductiveElectrostaticShields 446 A.3.2 DielectricElectrostaticShields 450 A.3.3 ApertureEffectsinConductiveShields 455 References 457 AppendixB MagneticShielding 459 B.1 MagneticShieldingMechanism 460 B.2 CalculationMethods 463 B.3 Boundary-ValueProblems 465 B.3.1 SphericalMagneticConductingShield 465 B.3.2 CylindricalMagneticConductingShieldinaTransverseMagnetic Field 471 B.3.3 CylindricalMagneticConductingShieldinaParallelMagnetic Field 475 B.4 FerromagneticShieldswithHysteresis 477 References 478 (cid:2) (cid:2) AppendixC StatisticalElectromagneticsforShieldingEnclosures 483 C.1 StatisticalAnalyses 486 C.2 Examples 489 References 495 AppendixD StandardsandMeasurementMethodsforShielding Applications 499 D.1 MIL-STD285andIEEESTD-299 501 D.2 NSA65-6andNSA94-106 506 D.3 ASTME1851 506 D.4 ASTMD4935 508 D.5 MIL-STD461G 510 D.6 CodeofFederalRegulations,Title47,Part15 517 D.7 ANSI/SCTE48-3 520 D.8 MIL-STD1377 521 D.9 IECStandards 522 D.10 ITU-TRecommendations 527 D.11 AutomotiveStandards 529 References 535 Index 539 (cid:2)