Electroanalytical Chemistry A Series of Advances, Volume 27 Electroanalytical Chemistry A Series of Advances, Volume 27 Editors Allen J. Bard and Cynthia G. Zoski CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-1380-3418-1 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Introduction to the Series .........................................................................................vii Contributors to Volume 27 ........................................................................................ix Contents of Other Series Volumes ............................................................................xi Chapter 1 Two-Electrode Platforms for Protein Biosensing Based on Charge Transport through the DNA Double Helix ..............................1 Ariel L. Furst, Michael G. Hill, and Jacqueline K. Barton Chapter 2 Recent Advances in Bipolar Electrochemistry ..................................27 Laurent Bouffier, Dodzi Zigah, Neso Sojic, and Alexander Kuhn Chapter 3 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy in Electrochemistry: From Fundamentals to Fixed Energy X-ray Absorption Voltammetry .....119 Alessandro Minguzzi and Paolo Ghigna Index ......................................................................................................................183 v Introduction to the Series This series is designed to provide authoritative reviews in the field of modern elec- troanalytical chemistry defined in its broadest sense. Coverage is comprehensive and critical. Enough space is devoted to each chapter of each volume to include derivations of fundamental equations, detailed descriptions of apparatus and tech- niques, and complete discussion of important articles, so that the chapters may be read without repeated reference to the periodical literature. Chapters vary in length and subject area. Some are reviews of recent developments and applications of well- established techniques, whereas others contain discussion of the background and problems in areas still being investigated extensively and in which many statements may still be tentative. Finally, chapters on techniques generally outside the scope of electroanalytical chemistry, but which can be applied fruitfully to electrochemical problems, are included. Electroanalytical chemists and others are concerned not only with the application of new and classical techniques to analytical problems, but also with the fundamen- tal theoretical principles upon which these techniques are based. Electroanalytical techniques are proving useful in such diverse fields as electro- organic synthesis, fuel cell studies, and radical ion formation, as well as with such problems as the kinetics and mechanisms of electrode reactions, and the effects of electrode surface phenomena, adsorption, and the electrical double layer on elec- trode reactions. It is hoped that the series is proving useful to the specialist and nonspecialist alike— that it provides a background and a starting point for graduate students undertaking research in the areas mentioned, and that it also proves valuable to prac- ticing analytical chemists interested in learning about and applying electroanalytical techniques. Furthermore, electrochemists and industrial chemists with problems of electrosynthesis, electroplating, corrosion, and fuel cells, as well as other chemists wishing to apply electrochemical techniques to chemical problems, may find useful material in these volumes. Allen J. Bard Cynthia G. Zoski vii Contributors to Volume 27 Jacqueline K. Barton Alexander Kuhn California Institute of Technology Université de Bordeaux Division of Chemistry and Chemical Institut des Sciences Moléculaires Engineering Groupe Nanosystèmes Analytiques Pasadena, California Pessac, France Laurent Bouffier Alessandro Minguzzi Université de Bordeaux Universitá degli Studi di Milano Institut des Sciences Moléculaires Dipartimento di Chimica Groupe Nanosystèmes Analytiques Milan, Italy Pessac, France Neso Sojic Ariel L. Furst Université de Bordeaux California Institute of Technology Institut des Sciences Moléculaires Division of Chemistry and Chemical Groupe Nanosystèmes Analytiques Engineering Pessac, France Pasadena, California Dodzi Zigah Paolo Ghigna Université de Bordeaux Universitá di Pavia Institut des Sciences Moléculaires Dipartimento di Chimica Groupe Nanosystèmes Analytiques Pavia, Italy Pessac, France Michael G. Hill California Institute of Technology Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Pasadena, California and Occidental College Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Los Angeles, California ix