Electrical Engineering S E N (cid:127) S E N G U P T A (cid:127) C H A E L E C T R I C I T Y K R A B A R T I ELECTRICITY PRICING Regulated, Deregulated and Smart Grid Systems P R I C I N G Electricity Pricing: Regulated, Deregulated and Smart Grid Systems presents proven methods for supplying uninterrupted, high-quality electrical power at a reasonable price to the consumer. Illustrating the evolution of the power market from a monopoly to an E open access system, this essential text: R e g u l a t e d , D e re g u l a t e d L E • Covers voltage stability analysis of longitudinal power supply C systems using an artificial neural network (ANN) a n d S m a r t G r i d S y s t e m s T • Explains how to improve performance using flexible alternating R current transmission systems (FACTS) and high-voltage direct I current (HVDC) C • Takes into account operating constraints as well as generation I cost, line overload and congestion for expected and inadvertent T loading stress Y • Goes beyond FACTS and HVDC to provide multi-objective P optimization algorithms for the deregulated power market • Proposes the use of stochastic optimization techniques in R the smart grid, preparing the reader for future development I C I Electricity Pricing: Regulated, Deregulated and Smart Grid N Systems offers practical solutions for improving stability, reliability G and efficiency in real-time systems while optimizing electricity cost. Sawan Sen (cid:127) Samarjit Sengupta Abhijit Chakrabarti K23840 E L E C T R I C I T Y P R I C I N G R e g u l a t e d , D e re g u l a t e d a n d S m a r t G r i d S y s t e m s E L E C T R I C I T Y P R I C I N G R e g u l a t e d , D e re g u l a t e d a n d S m a r t G r i d S y s t e m s Sawan Sen Academy of Technology, Hooghly, India Samarjit Sengupta University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India Abhijit Chakrabarti Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140623 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-5175-3 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Dedicated to our parents Contents List of Figures .........................................................................................................xi List of Tables ..........................................................................................................xv Preface ...................................................................................................................xix About the Authors ..............................................................................................xxi List of Principal Symbols .................................................................................xxiii List of Abbreviations .........................................................................................xxv 1. Prologue ............................................................................................................1 1.1 Motivation of the Book .........................................................................1 1.2 Contributions of the Book ....................................................................2 1.3 Organization of the Book .....................................................................4 2. Background and Literature Survey .............................................................7 2.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................7 2.2 Power Network Performance Evaluation ..........................................8 2.2.1 Importance of Voltage Stability on Performance Evaluation .................................................................................8 2.2.1.1 Classical Methods of Ascertaining Stability ........8 2.2.1.2 Neo-Classical Methods of Ascertaining Stability ....................................................................11 2.2.2 Significance of Compensation Techniques ........................12 2.2.2.1 Series and Shunt Compensation Employing FACTS Devices ........................................................13 2.2.2.2 Employment of HVDC Link .................................15 2.2.3 Optimization Methods with System Performance and Cost Emphasis ................................................................18 2.2.3.1 Classical and Neo-Classical Optimization Methods ...................................................................18 2.2.3.2 Application of Optimization Methods in Regulated and Deregulated Power Networks......19 2.2.4 Enrichment of Cost-Governed System Performance in Smart Grid Arena ..............................................................24 2.3 Concluding Remarks on Existing Efforts ........................................26 Annotating Outline .......................................................................................26 3. Analysis of Voltage Stability of Longitudinal Power Supply System Using an Artificial Neural Network ...........................................29 3.1 Introduction .........................................................................................29 3.2 Theoretical Development of Voltage Stability and Voltage Collapse ................................................................................................30 vii viii Contents 3.2.1 Theoretical Background of Voltage Instability and Its Causes ...................................................................................31 3.2.2 Few Relevant Analytical Methods and Indices for Voltage Stability Assessment ...............................................33 3.2.2.1 The PV and VQ Curves for the Small System ....35 3.2.2.2 Singular Values .......................................................36 3.2.2.3 Eigenvalue Decomposition ...................................38 3.2.2.4 Modal Analysis .......................................................39 3.2.2.5 Voltage Stability Index L .......................................39 3.2.2.6 Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI) and Line Quality Factor (LQF) ..............................................40 3.2.2.7 Global Voltage Stability Indicator ........................42 3.2.2.8 Voltage Collapse Proximity Indicator (VCPI) .....43 3.2.2.9 Proximity Indices of Voltage Collapse ................43 3.2.2.10 Identification of Weak Bus of Power Network ...44 3.2.2.11 Diagonal Element Ratio .........................................44 3.2.2.12 Line Voltage Stability Index ..................................45 3.2.2.13 Local Load Margin .................................................45 3.2.2.14 Voltage Ratio Index ................................................46 3.3 Theory of ANN ...................................................................................46 3.3.1 Attributes of ANNs ...............................................................47 3.3.1.1 Building Block of ANNs ........................................48 3.3.1.2 Building Layers of ANNs ......................................49 3.3.1.3 Structures of Neural Networks ............................51 3.3.1.4 Training Algorithms of Neural Networks ..........55 3.4 Analysis of Voltage Stability of Multi-Bus Power Network ..........56 3.4.1 Classical Analysis of Voltage Stability ................................56 3.4.2 Application of ANN on Voltage Stability Analysis ..........58 3.5 Summary ..............................................................................................64 Annotating Outline .......................................................................................64 4. Improvement of System Performances Using FACTS and HVDC .......67 4.1 Introduction .........................................................................................67 4.2 Development of FACTS Controllers .................................................68 4.2.1 Modeling of Shunt Compensating Device .........................71 4.2.1.1 Conventional Model of SVC .................................72 4.2.1.2 Shunt Variable Susceptance Model of SVC .........73 4.2.1.3 Firing Angle Model of SVC ...................................74 4.2.2 Modeling of Series Compensating Device .........................75 4.2.2.1 Variable Series Impedance Power Flow Model of TCSC ........................................................75 4.2.2.2 Firing Angle Power Flow Model of TCSC ..........77 4.3 Prologue of High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) System ..........79 4.3.1 Modeling of DC Link ............................................................82