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Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 5522660099__0000__ffmm__ppii--ppxxxxvvii..iinndddd iiii 22//11//1100 1111::3377::4433 PPMM Electricity for Refrigeration, Heating, and Air Conditioning Eighth Edition Russell E. Smith Athens Technical College Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. 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Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 3388774400__0000__ffmm__ppii--xx..iinndddd iiii 0011//0066//1100 66::0099 PPMM 1019763_FM_VOL-I.qxp 9/17/07 4:22 PM Page viii 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 S 50 R 51 1st Pass Pages 1019763_FM_VOL-I.qxp 9/17/07 4:22 PM Page viii 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 S 50 R 51 1st Pass Pages Table of Contents Preface iii Preface vi 1 Electrical Safety 1 Objectives 1 Key Terms 1 Introduction 2 1.1 Electrical Injuries 3 1.2 Dealing with Shock Victims 7 1.3 National Electrical Code® 7 1.4 Electrical Grounding 8 1.5 Circuit Protection 11 1.6 Circuit Lockout Procedures 13 1.7 Electrical Safety Guidelines 15 Summary 16 Review Questions 17 2 Basic Electricity 19 Objectives 19 Key Terms 19 Introduction 20 2.1 Atomic Theory 20 2.2 Positive and Negative Charges 22 2.3 Flow of Electrons 23 2.4 Conductors and Insulators 26 2.5 Electric Potential 27 2.6 Current Flow 28 2.7 Resistance 29 2.8 Electric Power and Energy 30 2.9 Ohm’s Law 33 2.10 Calculating Electric Power 35 Summary 36 Review Questions 38 3 Electric Circuits 40 Objectives 40 Key Terms 41 Introduction 41 3.1 Basic Concepts of Electric Circuits 41 3.2 Series Circuits 43 3.3 Parallel Circuits 47 3.4 Series-Parallel Circuits 51 Summary 53 Review Questions 54 4 Electric Meters 56 Objectives 56 Key Terms 57 Introduction 57 4.1 Electric Meters 58 4.2 Ammeters 64 4.3 Voltmeters 68 4.4 Ohmmeters 71 Summary 76 Review Questions 77 5 Components, Symbols, and Circuitry of Air-Conditioning Wiring Diagrams 79 Objectives 79 Key Terms 80 Introduction 80 5.1 Loads 81 5.2 Contactors and Relays 85 5.3 Magnetic Starters 88 5.4 Switches 89 5.5 Safety Devices 93 5.6 Transformers 95 5.7 Schematic Diagrams 96 5.8 Pictorial Diagrams 97 5.9 Installation Diagrams 97 Summary 101 Review Questions 102 6 Reading Schematic Diagrams 105 Objectives 105 Key Terms 106 Introduction 106 6.1 Schematic Diagram Design 108 6.2 Reading Basic Schematic Diagrams 112 6.3 Reading Advanced Schematic Diagrams 133 Summary 172 Review Questions 173 7 Alternating Current, Power Distribution, and Voltage Systems 175 Objectives 175 Key Terms 175 Introduction 176 7.1 Basic Concepts of Alternating Current 176 7.2 Power Distribution 182 7.3 240-Volt–Single-Phase–60-Hertz Systems 183 7.4 Three-Phase Voltage Systems 185 7.5 240-Volt–Three-Phase–60-Hertz Delta System 185 7.6 208-Volt–Three-Phase–60-Hertz Wye System 187 7.7 Higher-Voltage Systems 188 Summary 191 Review Questions 192 iii Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 3388774400__0000__ffmm__ppii--xx..iinndddd iiiiii 0011//0066//1100 66::0099 PPMM IV Table of Contents 8 Installation of Heating, Cooling, and Refrigeration Systems 194 Objectives 194 Key Terms 194 Introduction 195 8.1 Sizing Wire 195 8.2 Disconnect Switches 204 8.3 Fusible Load Centers 207 8.4 Breaker Panels 208 8.5 Distribution Centers 211 8.6 Installing Electrical Circuits for Refrigeration, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Equipment 213 Summary 218 Review Questions 219 9 Basic Electric Motors 221 Objectives 221 Key Terms 222 Introduction 222 9.1 Magnetism 222 9.2 Basic Electric Motors 226 9.3 Types of Electric Motors 228 9.4 Shaded-Pole Motors 231 9.5 Capacitors 235 9.6 Split-Phase Motors 240 9.7 Permanent Split-Capacitor Motors 246 9.8 Capacitor-Start–Capacitor-Run Motors 249 9.9 Three-Phase Motors 251 9.10 Electronically Commutated Motors 253 9.11 Hermetic Compressor Motors 259 9.12 Service Call Protocol 270 9.13 Service Calls 272 Summary 279 Review Questions 281 Practice Service Calls 284 10 Components for Electric Motors 287 Objectives 287 Key Terms 287 Introduction 288 10.1 Starting Relays for Single-Phase Motors 288 10.2 Current or Amperage Relays 289 10.3 Potential Relays 291 10.4 Solid-State Starting Relays and Devices 297 10.5 Motor Bearings 303 10.6 Motor Drives 305 10.7 Service Calls 309 Summary 315 Review Questions 316 Practice Service Calls 318 11 Contactors, Relays, and Overloads 321 Objectives 321 Key Terms 322 Introduction 322 11.1 Contactors 323 11.2 Relays 328 11.3 Overloads 334 11.4 Magnetic Starters 343 11.5 Push-Button Stations 346 11.6 Service Calls 347 Summary 352 Review Questions 354 Practice Service Calls 356 12 Thermostats, Pressure Switches, and Other Electric Control Devices 358 Objectives 358 Key Terms 359 Introduction 359 12.1 Transformers 360 12.2 Thermostats 362 12.3 Staging Thermostats 378 12.4 Programmable Thermostats 381 12.5 Pressure Switches 384 12.6 Miscellaneous Electric Components 389 12.7 Service Calls 393 Summary 398 Review Questions 399 Practice Service Calls 402 13 Electronic Control Devices 405 Objectives 405 Key Terms 405 Introduction 406 13.1 Electronic System Components 408 13.2 Basic Electronic Control Fundamentals 413 13.3 Simple Electronic Temperature Control 414 13.4 One-Function Electronic Controls 415 13.5 Electronic Timers 415 13.6 Electronic Devices for Electric Motors 418 13.7 Electronic Motor Protection Devices 418 13.8 Heat Pump Electronic Modules 420 13.9 Electronic Control Modules for Residential Gas Furnaces 423 13.10 Oil Furnace Electronic Controls 428 13.11 Troubleshooting Electric Controls 428 Summary 430 Review Questions 432 14 Heating Control Devices 434 Objectives 434 Key Terms 434 Introduction 435 14.1 Heating Fundamentals 436 14.2 Basic Heating Controls 438 14.3 Gas Heating Controls 447 14.4 Oil Heating Controls 461 14.5 Electric Heating Controls 469 14.6 Hydronic and Steam Controls 470 14.7 Service Calls 474 Summary 479 Review Questions 481 Practice Service Calls 483 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 3388774400__0000__ffmm__ppii--xx..iinndddd iivv 0011//0066//1100 66::0099 PPMM Table of Contents v 15 Troubleshooting Electric Control Devices 485 Objectives 485 Key Terms 485 Introduction 486 15.1 Electric Motors 486 15.2 Contactors and Relays 488 15.3 Overloads 490 15.4 Thermostats 496 15.5 Pressure Switches 500 15.6 Transformers 501 15.7 Electric Heating Controls 502 15.8 Gas Heating Controls 505 15.9 Oil Heating Controls 513 15.10 Service Calls 519 Summary 525 Review Questions 527 Practice Service Calls 529 16 Residential Air-Conditioning Control Systems 536 Objectives 536 Key Terms 537 Introduction 537 16.1 Residential Air-Conditioning Equipment 539 16.2 Basic Residential Control Circuitry 544 16.3 Packaged Air-Conditioning Control Systems 556 16.4 Split-System Air-Conditioning Control Systems 565 16.5 Heat Pump Control Systems 571 16.6 Heat Pump Sequence of Operation 580 16.7 Advanced Residential Control Systems 584 16.8 Field Wiring 590 16.9 Check, Test, and Start Procedures 598 16.10 Customer Relations 599 Summary 603 Review Questions 605 17 Commercial and Industrial Air-Conditioning Control Systems 607 Objectives 607 Key Terms 607 Introduction 608 17.1 Commercial and Industrial Heating and Air-Conditioning Equipment 609 17.2 Commercial and Industrial Control Circuitry 614 17.3 Commercial Condensing Unit 621 17.4 Commercial and Industrial Packaged Units 624 17.5 Air-Cooled Packaged Unit with Remote Condenser 627 17.6 Water-Cooled Packaged Units 631 17.7 Types of Total Commercial and Industrial Controls Systems 632 17.8 Pneumatic Control Systems 635 17.9 Electronic Control Systems (Direct Digital Controls) 643 Summary 647 Review Questions 650 18 T roubleshooting Modern Refrigeration, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Control Circuitry and Systems 654 Objectives 654 Key Terms 655 Introduction 655 18.1 Diagnosis of Electrical Components 656 18.2 Troubleshooting Tools 658 18.3 Troubleshooting with Electrical Meters 665 18.4 Using Troubleshooting Charts 674 18.5 Hopscotching: A Useful Tool for Troubleshooting 676 18.6 Troubleshooting Control Systems 688 18.7 Service Calls 692 Summary 698 Review Questions 700 Practice Service Calls 703 Appendix A 707 Appendix B 708 Glossary 709 Index 718 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 3388774400__0000__ffmm__ppii--xx..iinndddd vv 0011//0066//1100 66::0099 PPMM Preface Electricity for Refrigeration, Heating, and Air they work. Troubleshooting control systems Conditioning was initially written because should be the objective of most students and there was no text that adequately covered the industry personnel using this text and is cov- electrical principles and practices required of ered in detail. an installation or service technician in the refrigeration, heating, and air-conditioning FEATURES OF THIS EDITION industry. Much material has been added to this text since the first edition because of the There are new features as well as existing advancements that have been made in the features of this text that are advantages to industry such as electronic control devices, students and instructors alike. Each chapter digital thermostats, digital electrical meters, begins with objectives that should be mas- intermittent ignition for furnaces, electroni- tered as the student progresses through each cally commutated motors, direct digital con- chapter. Key terms are emphasized at the trol systems, and many more. This text is beginning of each chapter in order for the stu- written with a blend of theory and practice dent to know what information is ahead, and suitable for the vocational/technical student the key terms are highlighted in color in the or the industry practitioner who wishes to body of the text. Each chapter is concluded upgrade his or her knowledge and skills. The with a summary that allows the student to purpose of this text is to assemble concepts review information that has been covered in and procedures that will enable the reader to the chapter. Many chapters use service calls work successfully in the industry. to reinforce service procedures that are com- monly used in the industry along with some procedures that the student has the oppor- ORGANIZATION tunity to solve. Important elements of the It is difficult to organize an electrical text text are highlighted in color in this edition, to be used in refrigeration, heating, and air- including circuits that are being discussed conditioning programs in educational insti- and important concepts and safety cautions. tutions because of the many different types In the back of the text, there is a reference of programs and the variety of the delivery chart of electrical symbols including switches, of information. The information covered in thermostats, contactors, and relays, and other this text is organized from the very basics to electric devices. the circuitry and troubleshooting of control systems in the industry. The organization is NEW IN THIS EDITION industry driven because of the correlation of industry standards and the many new devel- The art in this edition will be in full color opments that continue to be made. Electrical with many of the diagrams showing modes devices are covered in detail in a systematic of operation highlighted in different colors. order with the troubleshooting of the com- Color photographs will give the reader a ponents following an explanation of how more realistic view of what components and vi Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 3388774400__0000__ffmm__ppii--xx..iinndddd vvii 0011//0066//1100 66::0099 PPMM