This page intentionally left blank RAY C. MULLIN PHIL SIMMONS Australia Canada Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Electrical Wiring Residential, 17th Edition © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Ray C. Mullin, Phil Simmons ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 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Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 X X 11 10 09 Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xix Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxix CHAPTER General Information for Electrical Installations . . . . . . . . 1 1 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Safety in the Workplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Personal Protective Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Arc Flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Safety Cannot Be Compromised! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Licensing and Permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Plans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Symbols and Notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 National Electrical Code (NEC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Building Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Metrics (SI) and the NEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratories (NRTL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 CHAPTER Electrical Symbols and Outlets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Electrical Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Luminaires and Outlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Outlet, Device, and Junction Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Grounding/Bonding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Nonmetallic Outlet and Device Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Ganged Switch (Device) Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Box Mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Boxes for Conduit Wiring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Yoke. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 v vi Special-Purpose Outlets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Number of Conductors in Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Selecting the Correct Size Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Height of Receptacle Outlets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Positioning of Receptacles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Typical Heights for Switches and Outlets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 CHAPTER Determining the Required Number of Lighting 3 Outlets, Receptacle Outlets, and Small-Appliance Branch Circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Basics of Wire Sizing and Loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Voltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Calculating Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Calculating Floor Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Determining the Minimum Number of Lighting Branch Circuits . . . . . 73 Track Lighting Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Determining the Number of Small-Appliance Branch Circuits . . . . . . . 75 Receptacle Outlet Branch-Circuit Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Summary of Where Receptacle and Lighting Outlets Must Be Installed in Residences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 CHAPTER Conductor Sizes and Types, Wiring Methods, 4 Wire Connections, Voltage Drop, Neutral Conductor Sizing for Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Conductors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Permissible Loads on Branch Circuits (210.23) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Aluminum Conductors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Conductor Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Wet, Damp, Dry, and Sunlight Locations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Voltage Drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Approximate Conductor Size Relationship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Nonmetallic-Sheathed Cable (Article 334 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Armored Cable (Type AC) and Metal-Clad Cable (Type MC) . . . . . . 125 Installing Cables Through Wood and Metal Framing Members (300.4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Cables in Shallow Grooves and Chases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 vii Installation of Cables Through Ducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Connectors for Installing Nonmetallic-Sheathed and Armored Cable. . . . 135 Intermediate Metal Conduit (Article 342), Rigid Metal Conduit (Article 344), Rigid PVC Conduit (Article 352), and Electrical Metallic Tubing (Article 358) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Flexible Connections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Electrical Nonmetallic Tubing (ENT) (Article 362). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Service-Entrance Cable (Article 338) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 CHAPTER Conductor Identification, Switch Control 5 of Lighting Circuits, Bonding/Grounding of Wiring Devices, Induction Heating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Conductor Identification (Articles 200 and 210). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Connecting Wiring Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Push-In Terminations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Toggle Switches (Article 404). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Combination Wiring Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Common Code Violation “Taps” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 CHAPTER Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters, Arc-Fault 6 Circuit Interrupters, Surge Protective Devices, Immersion Detection Circuit Interrupters, and Appliance Leakage Current Interrupters. . . . . . . . . 190 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Electrical Shock Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Code Requirements for Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters (210.8) . . . 191 Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters in Residence Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Feed-Through Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Testing and Recording of Test Data for GFCI Receptacles . . . . . . . . . 202 Other Special Purpose Receptacles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Replacing Existing Receptacles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Personnel Ground-Fault Protection for All Temporary Wiring . . . . . . 214 Immersion Detection Circuit Interrupters (IDCIs) and Appliance Leakage Current Interrupters (ALCIs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Surge Protective Devices (SPD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 viii CHAPTER Luminaires, Ballasts, and Lamps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 7 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 What Is a Luminaire? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Types of Luminaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Fluorescent Ballasts and Lamps, Incandescent Lamps. . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Lamp Efficacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Lamp Color Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 CHAPTER Lighting Branch Circuit for the Front Bedroom. . . . . . . 252 8 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Residential Lighting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Laying Out General-Purpose Lighting and Receptacle Circuits. . . . . . 254 Estimating Loads for Outlets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Drawing a Cable Layout and Wiring Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Drawing the Wiring Diagram of a Lighting Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Lighting Branch Circuit A16 for the Front Bedroom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Determining the Size of Outlet Boxes, Device Boxes, Junction Boxes, and Conduit Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Grounding of Wall Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Positioning of Split-Wired Receptacles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Positioning of Receptacles Near Electric Baseboard Heating. . . . . . . . 264 Luminaires in Clothes Closets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 CHAPTER Lighting Branch Circuit for the Master Bedroom . . . . . 274 9 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Lighting Branch Circuit A19 for the Master Bedroom. . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Sliding Glass Doors and Fixed Glass Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Selection of Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Ceiling-Suspended (Paddle) Fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 CHAPTER Lighting Branch Circuit—Bathrooms, Hallway. . . . . . . . 287 10 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Lighting Branch Circuit A14 for the Hallway and Bathrooms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Hanging Luminaires in Bathrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Hallway Lighting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291