ElectricPowertrain Electric Powertrain Energy Systems, Power Electronics and Drives for Hybrid, Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles John G. Hayes University College Cork, Ireland G. Abas Goodarzi US Hybrid, California, USA Thiseditionfirstpublished2018 ©2018JohnWiley&SonsLtd Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise, exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerialfromthistitleisavailableat http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. TherightofJohnG.HayesandG.AbasGoodarzi,tobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthisworkhasbeenasserted inaccordancewithlaw. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Hayes,JohnG.,1964–author.|Goodarzi,G.Abas,author. Title:Electricpowertrain:energysystems,powerelectronicsanddrivesfor hybrid,electricandfuelcellvehicles/byJohnG.Hayes,G.AbasGoodarzi. Description:Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,2018.|Includes bibliographicalreferencesandindex.| Identifiers:LCCN2017029458(print)|LCCN2017043878(ebook)| ISBN9781119063667(pdf)|ISBN9781119063674(epub)| ISBN9781119063643(cloth) Subjects:LCSH:Electricvehicles–Powersupply.|Hybridelectric vehicles–Powertrains.|Powerelectronics. Classification:LCCTL220(ebook)|LCCTL220.H392018(print)| DDC629.25/02–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017029458 CoverDesign:Wiley CoverImages:(Bus)ImagesuppliedbyG.AbasGoodarzi;(ConceptCar) ©-M-I-S-H-A-/iStockphoto;(MarsRover)©NASA Setin10/12ptWarnockbySPiGlobal,Pondicherry,India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To all who have contributed to the electrification ofthe automobile for acleaner, moresustainable future. vii Contents Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi TextbookStructureandSuggestedTeachingCurriculum xxii AbouttheCompanionWebSite xxiv Part1 VehiclesandEnergySources 1 1 ElectromobilityandtheEnvironment 3 1.1 A BriefHistory of the Electric Powertrain 4 1.1.1 Part I –The Birth of the Electric Car 4 1.1.2 Part II –The Resurgent Electric Powertrain 5 1.1.3 Part III– Success at Last for the Electric Powertrain 6 1.2 EnergySources for Propulsion and Emissions 10 1.2.1 Carbon Emissions from Fuels 12 1.2.1.1 Example: Carbon Dioxide Emissions fromthe Combustion of Gasoline 12 1.2.2 Greenhouse Gases and Pollutants 13 1.2.2.1 The Impact of NO 14 x 1.3 The Advent of Regulations 15 1.3.1 Regulatory Considerations and EmissionsTrends 17 1.3.2 Heavy-Duty Vehicle Regulations 18 1.4 Drive Cycles 19 1.4.1 EPA Drive Cycles 19 1.5 BEVFuel Consumption, Range, and mpge 24 1.6 Carbon Emissions for Conventional and Electric Powertrains 25 1.6.1 Well-to-Wheel and Cradle-to-Grave Emissions 27 1.6.2 Emissionsdue to the Electrical Grid 28 1.6.2.1 Example: Determining Electrical Grid Emissions 28 1.7 AnOverview of Conventional, Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Electric Systems 29 1.7.1 Conventional IC Engine Vehicle 30 1.7.2 BEVs 30 viii Contents 1.7.3 HEVs 31 1.7.3.1 Series HEV 32 1.7.3.2 Parallel HEV 32 1.7.3.3 Series-Parallel HEV 33 1.7.4 FCEV 33 1.7.5 A Comparison by Efficiency of Conventional, Hybrid, Battery, and Fuel Cell Vehicles 34 1.7.6 A Case Study Comparisonof Conventional, Hybrid, Battery, and Fuel Cell Vehicles 35 1.8 A Comparison of Automotive and Other Transportation Technologies 36 References 37 Further Reading 38 Problems 38 Assignments 39 2 VehicleDynamics 40 2.1 Vehicle Load Forces 40 2.1.1 Basic Power, Energy, and Speed Relationships 41 2.1.2 Aerodynamic Drag 42 2.1.2.1 Example: Aerodynamic Drag 43 2.1.2.2 Example: Aerodynamic Drag and Fuel Consumption 45 2.1.3 Rolling Resistance 45 2.1.3.1 The Ford Explorer Recall 45 2.1.3.2 The A-Class Mercedes inthe 1990s 46 2.1.3.3 The Tesla Model S in 2013 46 2.1.3.4 Example: Rolling Resistance 46 2.1.4 Vehicle Road-Load Coefficients fromEPA Coast-Down Testing 46 2.1.5 Battery Electric Vehicle Range at ConstantSpeed 49 2.1.5.1 Example: Plot of BEV Range Versus Speed 49 2.1.5.2 Example: Estimate of BEV Range 50 2.1.5.3 Example: Effect of Auxiliary Loads on Range 50 2.1.6 Gradability 51 2.1.6.1 Example: Downgrade Force and Regeneration 51 2.2 Vehicle Acceleration 52 2.2.1 Regenerative Braking of theVehicle 54 2.2.2 Traction Motor Characteristics 54 2.2.2.1 Example: 2015 Nissan Leaf Rated Speed 55 2.2.3 Acceleration of the Vehicle 57 2.2.3.1 Time-Step Estimation of Vehicle Speed 57 2.2.3.2 A Simplified Equation Set for Characterizing Acceleration by Ignoring Load Forces 57 2.3 Simple Drive Cycle for Vehicle Comparisons 60 References 62 Further Reading 62 Problems 62