Electoral Dynamics in Indonesia Electoral Dynamics in Indonesia Money Politics, Patronage and Clientelism at the Grassroots Edited by Edward Aspinall and Mada Sukmajati Contents List of Maps, Tables and Figures viii Acknowledgements ix Glossary and Abbreviations xii Currency Conversion Table xix 1. Patronage and Clientelism in Indonesian Electoral Politics 1 Edward Aspinall and Mada Sukmajati 2. Bireuen, Aceh: The Aftermath of Post-conflict Politics and 39 the Decline of Partai Aceh Rizkika Lhena Darwin 3. Bener Meriah, Aceh: Money Politics and Ethnicity in a 54 New Electoral District Teuku Muhammad Jafar Sulaiman 4. Medan, North Sumatra: Between Ethnic Politics and 70 Money Politics Ahmad Taufan Damanik 5. Bangka Belitung: Patronage and Identity Politics in a Plural 87 Society Ibrahim 6. Musi Banyuasin, South Sumatra: Nine Steps to Victory 102 Alamsyah 7. Palembang, South Sumatra: Aspiration Funds and 120 Pork Barrel Politics Muhammad Mahsun v vi Contents 8. Banten: Islamic Parties, Networks and Patronage 137 Gandung Ismanto and Idris Thaha 9. Tangerang, Banten: Women Candidates in the Shadow of 154 Men Argoposo Cahyo Nugroho 10. Central and South Jakarta: Social Welfare and Constituency 167 Service in the Metropolis Sita W. Dewi, S.L. Harjanto and Olivia D. Purba 11. Bekasi, West Java: From Patronage to Interest Group Politics? 184 Amalinda Savirani 12. Bandung, West Java: Silaturahmi, Personalist Networks and 203 Patronage Politics Caroline Paskarina 13. Cirebon, West Java: Where Materialism Defeats Personalism 217 Marzuki Wahid 14. Pati, Central Java: Targets, Techniques and Meanings of 233 Vote Buying Noor Rohman 15. Blora, Central Java: Local Brokers and Vote Buying 249 Zusiana Elly Triantini 16. East Java: New Clientelism and the Fading of Aliran Politics 264 Rubaidi 17. Madiun, East Java: Brokers in Territorial, Social Network 279 and Vote-buying Strategies Ahmad Zainul Hamdi Contents vii 18. South Kalimantan: Islamic Party Candidates Who Refuse 299 to Buy the Vote Ahmad Muhajir 19. North Sulawesi: Clan, Church and State 321 Nono S.A. Sumampouw 20. Southeast Sulawesi: Money Politics in Indonesia’s Nickel Belt 341 Eve Warburton 21. East Nusa Tenggara: Patronage Politics, Clientelism and the 363 Hijacking of Social Trust Rudi Rohi 22. North Jayapura, Papua: Buying the Voters and Buying the 383 Administrators Ridwan 23. Papua’s Central Highlands: The Noken System, Brokers 398 and Fraud Cillian Nolan Bibliography 416 Contributors 431 Index 433 List of Maps, Tables and Figures MaPS Indonesia xx Aceh and Medan 38 Bangka Belitung and South Sumatra 86 Banten, Jakarta and Bekasi 136 West Java 202 Central and East Java 232 South Kalimantan 298 Sulawesi 320 East Nusa Tenggara 362 Papua 382 TaBLeS 2.1 Bireuen District Parliament Seats, 2009 and 2014 42 6.1 Musi Banyuasin III, Elected Representatives, 2009 105 and 2014 11.1 Bekasi District DPRD, Party Representation, 2009 187 and 2014 11.2 Bekasi District, Votes for FSPMI Candidates, 2014 198 13.1 Election Results, Cirebon I, 2009 and 2014 221 19.1 Legislative Candidates Elected to GMIM BIPRA 331 Positions, 2014 FigureS 1.1 Typical Success Team Structure for a DPRD II 31 Candidate 17.1 Typical Success Team Structures in Madiun District 283 viii Acknowledgements This book is the product of intensive research collaboration. For one month in the lead up to Indonesia’s national legislative elections on 9 April 2014, and for a short time following them, 50 researchers located in 20 provinces around Indonesia interviewed candidates and campaigners, observed campaign events and, where possible, “shadowed” candidates and campaigners as they interacted with voters. In total, our team conducted over 1,500 interviews, and recorded observations of hundreds of separate campaign events. Brought together through a joint research project coordinated by the Coral Bell School of Asia Pacific Affairs at the Australian National University (ANU) and the Politics and Government Research Center (PolGov) at the University of Gadjah Mada (UGM), these 50 researchers all participated in a training workshop on research goals and methods prior to the commencement of the campaign period. Most of those whose analyses are presented in this book also participated in a meeting two months after the election, where we identified common patterns and worked through first drafts of the chapters presented here. Our goals were simple: to identify the chief mechanisms that Indonesian legislative candidates used to appeal to voters in the 2014 elections, especially but not exclusively focusing on their use of patronage and clientelist networks, and to seek to identify both common patterns and regional, party or other specificities from the mass of observations we had compiled. Of the chapters in this book, all but one (Chapter 23 by Cillian Nolan) were authored by participants in this collaborative research project. Our major thanks, therefore, go to the project researchers, not all of whose reports could be published here. They gave up their time, in many cases leaving behind teaching or other responsibilities, to participate in the research, but also contributed their analytical skills, as well as invaluable local knowledge and insights. All but Chapters 1, 18, 20 and 23 were translated from Indonesian by Edward Aspinall. We are particularly pleased to be bringing to an international readership the ix x Acknowledgements works of a large number of Indonesian researchers whose insights on electoral politics might not otherwise be accessible to readers outside the country. An Indonesian language version of this book, with some difference in chapters, was published in 2014 (Edward Aspinall and Mada Sukmajati, eds., Politik Uang di Indonesia: Patronase dan Klientelisme pada Pemilu Legislatif, Yogyakarta: PolGov, Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2014). The initial inspiration and framework for the book is a four-country study of “money politics” across Southeast Asia, comparing Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines. This larger study is funded by the Centre for Democratic Institutions (CDI) at the Australian National University and the Australian Research Council (through grant DP140103114). We thank the Chief Investigators in this project, Meredith Weiss, Allen Hicken, Paul Hutchcroft and Marcus Mietzner (Edward Aspinall is a fifth chief investigator) for the intellectual inspiration and framework we used in designing this project and book. As well as the present volume, a companion volume on Malaysia has already been published (Meredith L. Weiss, ed., Electoral Dynamics in Malaysia: Findings from the Grassroots, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2013), and we plan to produce similar books on elections in Thailand and the Philippines. Funding for the research encapsulated in this book was also provided by CDI and the ARC, with supplementary funding provided by PolGov. We are very grateful to these institutions, especially CDI which has been very supportive of this research from the start. The ARC has also supported parts of Edward Aspinall’s research for this project through grants DP120103181 and FT120100742. Institutional support for the research project was primarily provided by a secretariat consisting of staff at PolGov, UGM, who organised the workshops, coordinated the finances and other logistics, and oversaw data collection and compilation. We are especially thankful to Rangga Herdi Seno Prakoso, Melathi Hingar and Desi Rahmawati who provided exceptional administrative support, as well as to members of academic staff, especially Miftah Adhi Ikhsanto and the head of PolGov, Professor Purwo Santoso. Additional administrative support was provided by staff at the Coral Bell School of Asia Pacific Affairs, notably Beverley Williams and Daniel Stiegel. Acknowledgements xi Among our academic colleagues, special thanks must be given to Mulyadi Sumarto at UGM, who played an important role in helping to design and manage this research during its early stages, and whose prior work on clientelism in Indonesian social welfare programmes was one source of intellectual inspiration. We also thank colleagues who participated in the workshops either as trainers or in helping to review and comment on research papers: Burhannudin Muhtadi, Kuskridho Ambardi, Ari Dwipayana, Amalinda Savarini, Muhammad Najib, Marcus Mietzner and Meredith Weiss. We also thank the two anonymous reviewers of the volume for NUS Press, Paul Kratoska, Peter Schoppert and Qua Lena at NUS Press as well as Dayaneetha De Silva for her expert copyediting and Janelle Caiger for proofreading. Amit Prasad prepared the index.