UNIVERSITE TOULOUSE II – JEAN JAURES DEPARTEMENT D’ETUDES ANGLOPHONES MÉGANE BARREIROS ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE: A QUEEN AND A MOTHER 2016 SOUS LA DIRECTION DE N. RIVERE DE CARLES & J. FORD 2 3 TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 4 PART I – STANDARDS OF EDUCATION...................................................................................... 8 A) Education and Motherhood Today .............................................................................. 8 B) Education and Motherhood in the Middle Ages .......................................................... 9 C) Eleanor’s Own Childhood and Upbringing ............................................................... 10 PART II – FIRST MARRIAGE AND FIRST CHILDREN ................................................................. 13 A) Political Motivations Behind a Wedding ................................................................... 13 B) Marie of France.......................................................................................................... 15 C) Mother and Daughters Separated............................................................................... 19 PART III – HENRY II'S DAUGHTERS .......................................................................................... 23 A) Childhood of the Three Princesses ............................................................................ 23 B) Marriages, Later Life and Other Encounters ............................................................. 29 C) Comparative Approach Between the Two Sets of Daughters ................................... 32 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 36 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................... 39 A) Secondary Sources ..................................................................................................... 39 B) Reference Book ......................................................................................................... 41 4 INTRODUCTION The mere mention of Eleanor of Aquitaine brings to mind an remarkable woman in many respects. She enjoyed an exceptional longevity for a woman of the High Middle Ages. Eleanor was born in either 1122 or 1124 and died in 1204 around the age of eighty which represents almost twice the life expectancy of her time. This is all the more exceptional since she gave birth to ten children when many women died in childbirth. Eleanor also wielded great power especially once again for a woman of the Middle Ages. Not only was she twice queen, first Queen of France then Queen of England, a unique situation on its own, but she was also the mother of three kings of England: Henry the Young King, the renowned Richard the Lionheart and John Lackland. However, Eleanor also had a bad reputation and was known for less glorious feats. Amongst other things, she was notorious for supposedly having had an incestuous relationship with her uncle Raymond of Poitiers. In The Crusades: A Documentary Survey, James Brundage writes that a “dubious relationship … had sprung up between … Eleanor of Aquitaine, and Prince Raymond of Antioch, Eleanor's cousin” (114). He does not clearly indicate the nature of said relationship but suggests they do not have the usual relationship cousins should have, either. She also supposedly rode bare-breasted into Antioch during the Second Crusade. Although it does not mean it could not have happened anyway, there are no primary sources to be found that verify that rumor. Primary sources solely indicate Eleanor and her ladies were dressed like Amazons, which David Townsend describes in The Tongue of the Fathers: Gender and Ideology in Twelfth-Century Latin when he writes “we find the queen and her ladies themselves donning Amazon garb” (136). 5 Nonetheless, being a good mother is one thing at which historians seem to agree that Eleanor was not good. Ralph V. Turner, one of Eleanor's biographers reckons that Eleanor’s sons' “persistent revolts against their father, the fecklessness of young Henry, Geoffrey's repeated treachery or King John's cruelty and incompetence … have caused her to be labeled a bad mother centuries later” (Turner, Eleanor of Aquitaine, 149). This accusation is not firmly grounded on facts, however. Eleanor had five sons and was often branded a bad mother because of the behavior of three of them but she also had five daughters and her relationship with them is but seldom addressed, let alone taken into consideration in this accusation. Such is the case in two biographical works standing out amongst well known and renowned works on Eleanor's life: Ralph Turner's Eleanor of Aquitaine: Queen of France, Queen of England and Jean Flori's Aliénor d’Aquitaine, la reine insoumise (Eleanor of Aquitaine: Queen and Rebel). If both authors recount and analyze the significant events of Eleanor's life, they only barely mention her daughters and do not delve into the relationship she had with them whereas some chapters are entirely dedicated to the relationship she had with her sons, especially Richard and John. Indeed, chapter 9 of Flori's biography is entitled « Aliénor et Jean » (Eleanor and John) but Flori does not dedicate a single chapter to Eleanor and any of her daughters. Nonetheless, some scholarly articles do revolve around Eleanor's daughters. Four of them in particular stand out. June Hall Martin McCash explores in her article the possibility of several encounters between Eleanor and her first born after Eleanor had her marriage from her first husband annulled. It offers a new perspective on a relationship that was thought non- existent before. In his article, Ralph Turner delves into Eleanor's attachment to all her 6 children, not only her sons but also her daughters. French author Edmond-René Labande is the only one to write about Eleanor's five daughters in the same work. While he gives the reader an insight into their lives by comparing them, he does not go into much detail about the relationship they had with their mother. Finally, Bowie discusses thoroughly the lives of Matilda, Leonor and Joanna and the relationship they had with their mother. However, such work is yet to be done on Eleanor's eldest daughters by Louis VII. None of these works investigates the matter to its full extent, although they provide quite a basis to rely on. Moreover, works that were inclined to consider Eleanor as a “bad mother” also shared a tendency to judge her in a modern light, and thus not weigh up the facts through what should have been the standards of that time. In that respect, one might naturally wonder, to what extent Eleanor of Aquitaine may be actually considered as a bad mother? How exactly did she relate to the standards of her time, regarding education and mother-daughter relationship? This work intends to offer a new perspective in order to rehabilitate Eleanor of Aquitaine as a good mother, or at least as a decent one. It suggests a change of perspective. In order to do so, the present study will examine the relationship she had with her daughters. The relationship to each daughter will be examined in the light of the socio-historical context and more particularly in the light of the works on education in the Middle Ages and today. This approach should cast a new light on Eleanor’s position regarding motherhood and on mother-daughter relationship. The time boundaries of this study will cover the scope of Eleanor's entire life as she outlived all of her daughters but one. Even though Leonor outlived her mother by ten years, 7 nothing relevant enough to this study was found to be mentioned, for Leonor did not perpetuate any of her mother's legacies after her death. Chapter one deals with education at the time of Eleanor of Aquitaine as well as contemporary education today and provides criteria that would define a good mother then and now. It also gives an insight into Eleanor's own childhood and education which differed from the typical ones of her time, which could have been of influence on her own children’s upbringing. Chapter two is devoted to Eleanor's relationship to her eldest daughters from her first marriage, Marie and Alix. It dwells upon the political stakes behind her marriage to Louis VII, future king of France. The personality of each future spouse already put Eleanor in a position where she was practically doomed to lose her first children. Chapter three is devoted to Eleanor's life during her second marriage to Henry II when she was in a position to care for the children and more particularly the daughters she had with him. It focuses upon Eleanor's relationship with her three youngest daughters, which contrasted with the ones she had with her two eldest daughters. 8 PART I – STANDARDS OF EDUCATION People that label Eleanor a bad mother do so because they judge by today’s standards. Therefore, before strictly considering Eleanor's relationship with her daughters, it is worth taking a quick look at standards of education and motherhood today. Once those are defined, they will be compared to standards of the Middle Ages in order to find out if roles and goals of today were fulfilled in the Middle Ages. Eleanor’s own childhood will provide another standard which will enable to create a frame through which Eleanor's relationship to her daughters will be studied and analyzed. A) EDUCATION AND MOTHERHOOD TODAY Attachment studies show that “a child needs mothering. 'Mothering' includes providing for a child's physical needs” (Davenport 77), which is the first role of a parent. Indeed, Davenport theorizes the role of a parent today, a role that can be subdivided into three main goals. The first one is therefore for parents to provide their children “food, warm clothes, and shelter.” They also have to “‘nurse’ their child when they are sick, and comfort them when they are unhappy” (83). The second role is for parents to teach their children “to become economically independent” (83). Parents have to “teach their children some of the skills they will need to know in order to survive economically” (83). The third and final role is for parents to teach “the norms and values of their culture” (83). Parents have to “socialize their children into understanding ‘right’ and ‘wrong’, ‘good’ and ‘bad’ and what norms and values are acceptable in its culture” (84). Davenport adds that mothering also “includes providing a child with emotional security and a sense of trust” along with “social stimulation through play, games, explanations and social experiences such as going to the shops, or the 9 park” (77). Finally, another study show that “by around eight months babies could have become firmly attached to their primary caregiver” (73). The baby is not afraid of that person but afraid of strangers and is upset when that person is away from them (73). B) EDUCATION AND MOTHERHOOD IN THE MIDDLE AGES Expectations of a mother in the Middle Ages were not the same as today. Turner understands that and was persuaded that Eleanor was not the bad mother she is depicted to have been. He did defend her in his biography but only dedicated a handful of pages on the subject. Moreover, Turner took more into consideration Eleanor's sons than her daughters to make his point. However, he offers a great starting point for this work as well as an insight into education and motherhood in the Middle Ages. There is enough evidence to believe the roles and goals parents have to fulfil today were fulfilled in the Middle Ages. The only difference with today is that they were fulfilled by several different people rather than the parents, and in this case, the mother, alone. One has to understand that in the Middle Ages, “family fulfilled a function; it ensured the transmission of life, property and names” (Ariès 411), which meant that the role of aristocratic women was not to raise the children they bore but rather simply to provide heirs to ensure the continuation of the dynasty line. This was their only duty as a mother and their principal responsibility as aristocratic women. Their other duty such as running a complex household or in the political sphere took time (Turner Eleanor of Aquitaine, 182). It took even more time when it came to queens' duties (180). Turner, states that queens and aristocratic women had “wet-nurses, clerks and knights, or other servants to provide care for [their children],” (Turner “Eleanor and her children,” 321). It was normal for members of the aristocracy and royalty to entrust domestics with the 10 care of their children (Turner Eleanor of Aquitaine, 182). Children were indeed mothered; they formed an attachment bond with their caregiver. It just happened not to be their mother. And, they did not necessarily lack what a child need on an emotional level. As for knowledge, children had teachers and masters. Once again, it just happened not to be their parents, and in this case, their mother, but they did not necessarily lack anything on an intellectual level, either. Another important thing to take into consideration is that daughters of aristocratic and royal backgrounds were sent at a very young age into their future husband's household and received the most part of their education there (Turner 186). Turner finally says, especially in Eleanor's case, that one should not look for personal investment on her part, which was very limited. He rather suggests looking for attentions that indicates that she cared (182). C) ELEANOR’S OWN CHILDHOOD AND UPBRINGING Before this work starts to explore, study and analyze Eleanor's relationship to her daughters with the help of the standard of education defined above, it is important to delve into Eleanor's own childhood and upbringing. Indeed, a standard represents what was most commonly done at the time by most people. However, it happens that Eleanor of Aquitaine does not exactly fall within the standards of her time. Three deaths marked Eleanor's childhood: her mother's, her younger brother's and her father's. The first left her motherless at the young age of six years old (Turner Eleanor of Aquitaine, 34). The second and third left her to become heiress to the duchy of Aquitaine, the biggest French duchy at the time (7) at thirteen years old (43).