HISTORY (cid:129) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS B THE HARVARD COLD WAR STUDIES BOOK SERIES R SERIES EDITOR: MARK KRAMER, HARVARD UNIVERSITY A D Y “Two decades ago, when the Berlin Wall fell, it was clear the Cold War was over, and that the American relationship with the Federal Republic of Germany was central to the outcome of Eisenhower the struggle. However, historians have been negligent in understanding the creation and nur- turing of that alliance between former enemies. Steven J. Brady’s Eisenhower and Adenauer is a welcome corrective, a sophisticated, well-written, and careful study of the crucial formative years of the U.S.-German partnership. Brady rejects the ‘golden age’ nostalgia and demon- strates the significant differences and misunderstandings that had to be faced before these E and two countries could cooperate effectively. He restores the crucial role played by leaders like i Dwight Eisenhower, John Foster Dulles, and Konrad Adenauer in overcoming the past, and s provides an important lesson for today’s leaders in dealing with the challenges of multilateral e diplomacy and alliance management. Brady’s book is essential reading for understanding this n Adenauer period in the international history of the Cold War.” —Thomas A. Schwartz, Vanderbilt University h o In the early years of the Atlantic Alliance, no bilateral relationship was more important than w that between the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the United States. Even so, the West German–American alliance was taxing for both sides during much of the first two decades of e the Cold War. Ultimately, despite frequent, significant challenges to the alliance from with- r ALLIANCE out and within, the two allies managed to achieve a positive and productive relationship, and Eisenhower and Adenauer explains how they did so. a MAINTENANCE n In both capitals, the top foreign policy makers were deeply involved in the conduct of d what they viewed as a vital bilateral alliance, with both President Dwight Eisenhower and UNDER Chancellor Konrad Adenauer taking the lead in his own government. For the Americans, a A rearmed FRG tightly bound to the West was the bedrock of any European security policy that d PRESSURE, could contain the Soviet Union for the long term. For the West German government, their e relationship with the United States was the bedrock of rehabilitation and, indeed, survival as an independent country. In this book, their alliance is closely analyzed to offer a new n 1953–1960 understanding of the West German–American relationship during the Cold War. a u Steven J. Brady teaches history at the University of Notre Dame, where he is a faculty fellow of the Nanovic Institute for European Studies. e r For orders and information please contact the publisher LEXINGTON BOOKS A division of Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 90000 S t e v e n J . B r a d y 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 Lanham, Maryland 20706 9 780739 142257 1-800-462-6420 (cid:129) www.lexingtonbooks.com Cover image: “Dwight D. Eisenhower on a whistle-stop visit in the Federal Republic.” American President Dwight D. Eisenhower (left) is greeted by Chancellor Konrad Adenauer after his arrival in Bonn, Germany, on August 26, 1959, for a short visit of barely twenty-four hours. Photo used with permission of picture-alliance/dpa. © dpa - Bildarchiv. EEiisseennhhoowweerr&&AAddeennaauueerrLLIITTHHOO..iinndddd 11 1100//1133//0099 11::4477::3377 PPMM Eisenhower and Adenauer THE HARVARD COLD WAR STUDIES BOOK SERIES SERIES EDITOR: MARK KRAMER, HARVARD UNIVERSITY Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948 Edited by Philipp Ther and Ana Siljak Triggering Communism’s Collapse: Perceptions and Power in Poland’s Transition Marjorie Castle The Struggle for the Soul of the Nation: Czech Culture and the Rise of Communism Bradley F. Abrams Resistance with the People: Repression and Resistance in Eastern Germany, 1945–1955 Gary Bruce At the Dawn of the Cold War: The Soviet-American Crisis over Iranian Azerbaijan, 1941–1946 Jamil Hasanli The Cold War after Stalin’s Death: A Missed Opportunity for Peace? Edited by Klaus Larres and Kenneth Osgood Mao and the Economic Stalinization of China, 1948–1953 Hua-yu Li The Eisenhower Administration, the Third World, and the Globalization of the Cold War Edited by Kathryn C. Statler and Andrew L. Johns Stalin and the Cold War in Europe: The Emergence and Development of East-West Conflict, 1939–1953 Gerhard Wettig Eisenhower and Adenauer: Alliance Maintenance under Pressure, 1953–1960 Steven J. Brady China Learns from the Soviet Union, 1949–Present Edited by Thomas P. Bernstein and Hua-yu Li Eisenhower and Adenauer Alliance Maintenance under Pressure, 1953–1960 Steven J. Brady LEXINGTON BOOKS A division of ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham (cid:129) Boulder (cid:129) New York (cid:129) Toronto (cid:129) Plymouth, UK Published by Lexington Books A division of Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 http://www.lexingtonbooks.com Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom Copyright © 2010 by Lexington Books All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Brady, Steven J., 1967– Eisenhower and Adenauer : alliance maintenance under pressure, 1953–1960 / Steven J. Brady. p. cm. — (Harvard Cold War studies book series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7391-4225-7 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-7391-4227-1 (electronic) 1. United States—Foreign relations—Germany (West) 2. Germany (West)— Foreign relations—United States. 3. Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890–1969. 4. Adenauer, Konrad, 1876–1967. 5. United States—Foreign relations—1953–1961. 6. Cold War—Diplomatic history. I. Title. E183.8.G3B726 2010 327.7304309'045—dc22 2009025627 (cid:2) ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Printed in the United States of America For William, Matthew, and Lydia Grace And For Monica With Love Amor magnus doctor est Contents Acknowledgments ix 1 Introduction: Issues, Events, and Personalities 1 2 “Confined to the Smallest Number of Powers”: The Peace Offensive after Stalin 19 3 “There Is No Other Foreign Policy”: The Road to Berlin 57 4 “The Year Things Began to Get Unstuck”: 1955 97 5 “The Key to World Dominance”: Western Unity and the Foreign Policy Initiative, 1956 151 6 Toward Berlin and the Status Quo: 1957–1958 197 7 “The Strongest Weapon Is Unity”: Berlin, 1958–1960 231 Bibliography 255 Index 269 About the Author 277 vii Acknowledgments I owe a tremendous debt to Rev. Wilson D. Miscamble, CSC, who mentored me for many years, both actively and by example. I don’t know how many dissertation advisers sit down with their students and read every sentence of their manuscripts aloud in order to catch every last error. I suspect that the number of Doktorvaters who do this is small; perhaps as small as one. Bill was present at the creation. Indeed, more than merely “present,” he has been indispensable as a colleague, and even more so as a friend. I would not have come upon the topic of this book were it not for a graduate-seminar review that I wrote on Thomas Alan Schwartz’s America’s Germany. I still have a copy of the review, and it appears that I praised the book unreservedly. I hope that he will find this reassuring. Ever since he read my dissertation, he has generously shared his time and knowledge with me. My colleague A. James McAdams, of the Department of Political Science at Notre Dame, gave the original version of this book a mind- bogglingly insightful read. His capacity for seeing what historians cannot see in their own work has been applied to my manuscript. It is far better for his suggestions. Rev. Thomas Blantz, CSC, gave his characteristically close read to the first draft of what is now this book. His careful reading produced his (equally) characteristically wise suggestions and corrections. I believe that I incorporated every one of them in this book. My graduate education was enriched by a number of my professors. In particular, Alan Dowty inspired me to try to think originally about interna- tional relations theory and security issues. I feel particularly lucky to have worked with him. Prof. Laura Crago kindled in a young U.S. diplomatic historian a fascination with European diplomacy and learning languages. ix