E I G H T I E S P E O P L E New Lives in the American Imagination K e v in L . F e r g u so n Kevin L. Ferguson Eighties People This page intentionally left blank Eighties People New Lives in the American Imagination Kevin L. Ferguson palgrave macmillan EIGHTIES PEOPLE Copyright © Kevin L. Ferguson 2016 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978-1-137-58638-4 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission. In accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 2016 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN The author has asserted their right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of Nature America, Inc., One New York Plaza, Suite 4500, New York, NY 10004-1562. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. ISBN 978–1–349–88765–1 E-PDF ISBN: 978–1–137–58434–2 DOI: 10.1057/9781137584342 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Ferguson, Kevin L., 1978– Title: Eighties people : new lives in the American imagination / Kevin L. Ferguson. Description: New York, NY : Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015030652 | Subjects: LCSH: United States—Social conditions—1980– | Social groups—United States—History—20th century. | Stereotypes (Social psychology)—United States—History—20th century. | Anxiety—Social aspects—United States—History—20th century. | Self-perception—United States—History—20th century. | Knowledge, Sociology of—History—20th century. | Social change—United States— History—20th century. | Race—Social aspects—United States— History—20th century. | Social classes—United States—History— 20th century. | Sex role—United States—History—20th century. | BISAC: HISTORY / United States / 20th Century. | SOCIAL SCIENCE / Popular Culture. | SOCIAL SCIENCE / Gender Studies. Classification: LCC HN59.2 .F46 2016 | DDC 306.0973—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015030652 A catalogue record for the book is available from the British Library. Contents Preface vii Acknowledgments xiii Introduction: The Love Affair with Labels: New Subjects in the Eighties 1 1 The Surrogate Mother: Sed mater certissima? 13 2 The Crack Baby: Children Fight the War on Drugs 37 3 The Person with AIDS: Graphic Humor and Graphic Illness 57 4 The Yuppies and the Yuckies: Anxieties of Affluence 79 5 The Brat Pack and Its Mommy: Motherhood in the Age of Yuppiebacks 109 Coda: The Ventriloquy of Childhood 131 Notes 145 Bibliography 175 Index 191 This page intentionally left blank Preface This book presents a seemingly simple idea: in the 1980s, new kinds of people were invented in order to both contain and disseminate larger cul- tural anxieties. While the complex roots of these anxieties (whether social, racial, political, or technological) existed in earlier decades, in the 1980s a unique set of figures were named, defined, and discussed widely in mass media in order to shape cultural knowledge of the period. Thus, the sur- rogate mother, the crack baby, the PWA (or person with AIDS), the yuppie, and the brat packer each exemplify 1980s versions of the nineteenth- century figures that Michel Foucault called “object of knowledges”: partic- ularly defined bodies and ways of being that became the focus of cultural, medical, legal, philosophical, and fictional discourse so that they could serve a moral warning to others or offer a positive example of appropriate ethical behavior. These objects of knowledge are in some sense a trick of language, a phantom that becomes real only when a new type of person is named and discussed. Fredric Jameson, humorously reflecting on the sudden popu- larity of the word “postmodernism” offers that word as an example of the decade’s mysterious series of “lexical neoevents, in which the coinage of a neologism has all the reality impact of a corporate merger.”1 The newly named figures I consider had the same curious “reality impact”: they seemed to give tangible shape to otherwise latent issues of race, class, and gender, whereas they really disguised cultural issues as media-ready figures who could more easily be understood as villains or victims. Recovering the reality of these stereotyped figures poses a challenge. My book is tangled in many different versions of the decade: the historical version which tracks the chronology of genuinely novel events, today’s nostalgic version of the 1980s as a discrete cultural artifact to be revisited, and the self-periodizing version of postmodernism which tried to capture the current moment while it was still happening. The prevailing postmodern self-description of the 1980s as a time of play, surface, and waning of affect has continued to resonate in a current view of the decade as a lighthearted, superficial, pop cultural artifact. While a theoretical account of culture as being bored, ahistoric, schizophrenic, or superficial may have fit aesthetic movements in viii PREFACE art, architecture, or poetry at the time, I challenge whether this genuinely described the commonplace experience of life in the 1980s. The starting point for my narrative, then, is how the new, mediated “reality impact” of cultural ideas had significant ethical effects on real people removed from academic debate. Thus, one aim of my book is to take well-known stereotypes from the 1980s as a basic starting point for the analysis of more disguised ideologi- cal discourse. By using these figures as organizing fictions, I take a wide, cross-disciplinary look at the 1980s that includes arguments over public health policy and inner-city drug use, Hollywood teen films, the publish- ing industry’s invention of the “yuppieback,” medical and legal interven- tion in the reproductive lives of women, and representations of AIDS and sexuality in comic books. In this way, my book not only tells individual sto- ries about new types of bodies in the 1980s, but also reflects more broadly on what U.S. News & World Report identified in 1985 as America’s “love affair with labels” and the ensuing value placed on self-definition during the decade. While the focus of my book is the American 1980s, particularly as it is represented in popular accounts of urban space, readers will also be able to see how the cultural figures I discuss mark a larger conflict over the place of the United States in a global cultural network or, more specifically, how a sense of globalization raised for Americans questions of identity and self- definition. As I describe in the Introduction, eclecticism was the byword for cultural style in the decade, and this eclecticism often appears in exotic, foreign, and futuristic iconography. Considering the apocalyptic associa- tions built into postmodernism’s narrative of sudden historical change, the popularity of time travel narratives in films like The Terminator (1984), Back to the Future (1985), and Peggy Sue Got Married (1986) suggests a recuperation of the present by a return to the past. At the same time, the postapocalyptic theme in futuristic cyberpunk science fiction literature and films like Neuromancer (William Gibson, 1984), Mad Max 2: The Road Warrior (George Miller, 1981), Blade Runner (Ridley Scott, 1982), and Akira (Katsuhiro Otomo, 1987) foreground multiple, eclectic cities and landscapes with a bewildering array of alliances and hierarchies, suggest- ing a “future present” of accumulated eclecticism that reappears in new wave, postpunk, and even Walkman-toting yuppie fashion. Many of these labels suggest another focus of my book: the notion of growing up in the eighties and the emphasis on cultural phenomena related to childhood, teen culture, parenting, and early adulthood. This theme ranges from serious political and legal issues, such as the advocacy of fetal rights and redefinitions of motherhood in light of surrogacy and “crack mothers,” to more strange and popular depictions of childishness, PREFACE ix such as Pee-wee’s Playhouse’s deft manipulation of the conventions of child behavior or the scare tactics used in antidrug public service announce- ments. Continuing a trend that began with the teenager’s invention at the end of the Second World War, age differences are an important organiz- ing category and social tool, and in the 1980s we see a special attention in labeling children and their relationships with parents. What new labels like yuppie, brat pack, surrogate mother, crack baby, and PWA offer is a narrative of lifestyle choice predicated on belonging to a particular group; put alongside each other they tell a story of the diverse experiences of growing up in the 1980s. Exploring the increase in more narrowly defined options of ethical behavior in the 1980s, and looking at figures who resist these labels, this book challenges readers to reconsider their own entangle- ments with the process of cultural self-definition. The Me Generation is the epitome of neoliberalism, and so I invite readers to consider whether these cultural figures could ever operate as subjects rather than only as objects. I also invite readers to consider how other cultural stereotypes in the American 1980s and beyond work similarly as objects of knowledge; I will no doubt disappoint each reader at least once for failing to include his or her favorite eighties text, but I chose the figures in this book because each was only first explicitly named in the decade and together they repre- sent a new set of cultural options that were mediated in a particular eight- ies context of self-description and linguistic invention. My book’s introduction begins right around the fall 1984 when post- modernism burst onto the academic scene with the synchronous publica- tion of a large number of special journal issues on the subject, by critics such as Fredric Jameson, Jean-François Lyotard, and Jürgen Habermas. Taking the suddenness of postmodern theory as more prescriptive than descriptive, I propose that by characterizing the present as a choice between the catastrophic and the redemptive, postmodernism creates the sense of a radical new moment of change. This sudden self-interest is reflected in the new vocabulary used in the 1980s to characterize the present moment. Hundreds of new words entered the dictionary during the decade, giv- ing shape to shifting attitudes toward race, technology, and business. Of particular interest is the register of words invented to describe new types of eclectic individuals with novel relationships to class and race, such as “foodie,” “shopaholic,” “wannabe,” and “wigger.” This chapter concludes by presenting my book’s organizing model, Foucault’s notion of “objects of knowledge,” which are new bodies that served as anchorage points for cultural knowledge. In Chapter One, I tell the story of the new reproductive technologies of the 1980s, which for the first time in human history allowed for extra- corporeal fertilization and the implantation of fertilized ova into so-called