DONALD B. REDFORD Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times Donald B. Redford PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY Contents List of Illustrations and Tables ix List of Abbreviations xiii Preface xix Introduction xxi Part One: Egypt and the Levant from Prehistoric Times to the Hyksos Chapter One Villages, Camps, and the Rise of a Colossus 3 Chapter Two Upper and Lower Egypt and the Walled Towns of Asia 29 Chapter Three “Lo, the Vile Asiatic!” 56 Chapter Four “Trampling the Foreign Lands”: Egypt and Asia during the Middle Kingdom 71 Chapter Five The Hyksos in Egypt 98 Part Two: The Egyptian Empire in Asia Chapter Six “Extending the Frontiers of Egypt” 125 Chapter Seven The Empire of the New Kingdom 192 Chapter Eight Asia in Egypt: Mosaic, Not Melting Pot 214 Part Three: The Great Migrations Chapter Nine The Coming of the Sea Peoples 241 Chapter Ten “These are the Bene-Yisrael .. 257 viii • Contents Part Four: Egypt and the Hebrew Kingdoms Chapter Eleven Horses and Pharaoh’s Daughter: Egypt and the United Monarchy 283 Chapter Twelve Egypt and Israel in the World of Assyria 312 Chapter Thirteen Specter or Reality? The Question of Egyptian Influence on Israel of the Monarchy 365 Chapter Fourteen Four Great Origin Traditions 395 Chapter Fifteen Egypt and the Fall of Judah 430 Epilogue 470 Index 473 List of Illustrations and Tables Plates 1. Circular tower in the fortifications of Prepottery Neolithic Jericho, c. 8000-6000 B.c. 12 2. Petroglyphs in the Wady Hammamat. Gerzean period, c. 3400-3050 b.c. 21 3. The “City” palette showing, on left, a series of rectangular fortified settlements under attack by numina associated with the monarchy. On the right, cattle, donkeys, sheep, and bushes recall a coastal setting, as the hieroglyph Thnw, “Libya,” indicates. 26 4. Part of the EB II fortifications of Arad in the Negeb of Is־ rael (twenty-ninth to twenty-eighth centuries b.c.). 35 5. Stand of cedars in the mountains east of By bios. 39 6. The Lebanon Mountains northeast of Beirut. 39 7. The so-called obelisk temple (Middle Bronze Age) at Byb- los. 41 8. Early Bronze Age structure of semidressed fieldstones at Et- tell (Biblical Ai), north of Jerusalem. 42 9. The 4th Dynasty pyramids at Giza, viewed from the south. 49 10. South gate of the Canaanite city of Shechem in the Middle Bronze Age. 95 11. Rampart of packed sand and stones, Tell el-Yehudiyeh, a Hyksos settlement about sixteen kilometers north-north- east of Heliopolis. 115 12. Head of the mummy of Seqenenre showing the fatal wounds he apparently sustained in battle with the Hyksos. 126 13. and 14. Hittites and their North Syrian allies. Abydos tern- pie of Ramesses II, thirteenth century b.c. 133 15. The “warrior” gate at the Hittite capital of Hattusas (mod- ern Boghaz Keui) in central Asia Minor. (Photo: Courtesy, D. Graf) 134 x • Illustrations and Tables 16. Limestone doorjamb from Karnak (early 18th Dynasty), depicting personified places in Asia bringing offerings, and recording a campaign into Syria. 150 17. Block from Karnak showing Hatshepsut (center), in one of her rare early depictions as queen, being offered life and dominion by Seth. 150 18. Egyptian assault under Ramesses 11 on the Syrian town of Dapur. Ramesseum hypostyle hall, western Thebes. 187 19. The Moabite Plateau, rising from the eastern shore of the Dead Sea, along which ran the “King's Highway.יי 194 20. Wady el-Kerak, looking east from Kerak toward the Dead Sea. 194 21. Canaanite headmen adore the king at the jubilee of Akhe- naten; jubilee temple of Akhenaten at Thebes (early four־ teenth century B.C.). 200 22. Coast of the Mediterranean between Gaza and Raphia, along which ran the military route used by the New King- dom Pharaohs. 204 23. Coastal plain south of Gaza, showing sand dunes covering arable land. 205 24. Site of ancient Ashkelon. 205 25. The Plain of Esdraelon looking northeast from the mound of Megiddo, where the grain crop was harvested for the Pharaoh’s court. 212 26. Egyptian infantry and chariotry at the battle of Kadesh (c. 1300 b.c.); Abydos temple of Ramesses 11. 216 27. Two Canaanite prisoners flank a Philistine captive; mortu- ary temple of Ramesses 111, Medinet Habu. 222 28. Canaanite spearman, a member of the bodyguard attending Akhenaten at his Theban jubilee; jubilee temple of Akhena- ten at Thebes (early fourteenth century B.C.). 226 29. Musicians at Akhenaten’s court. Egyptian girls perform on the left, while Asiatic musicians (from Mitanni, or Khàtte?) play a large, upright harp and lyre on the right. 226 30. Statuary and pylon at Tanis, all Ramesside in origin and taken from the abandoned capital of Pi־Ramesses. 286 31. Trunk and legs of a colossus of Ramesses 11, originally from Pi־Ramesses, now at Tanis. 286 Illustrations and Tables • xi 32. Schist head of a 25th Dynasty king, possibly Shabaka. (Photo: Courtesy, Brooklyn Museum) 352 33. Assyrian assault on a fortified city, possibly Egyptian. (Photo: Courtesy, British Museum) 362 34. Assyrian soldiers lead away captives from the city under seige. (Photo: Courtesy, British Museum) 363 35. Eastern wall of the City of David (c. early seventh century B.C.), above the spring of Gihon (probably standing when the Babylonians assaulted the city in 586 B.C.). 468 36. Pillar, wall, and staircase from an early sixth century b.c. house in the northeastern quarter of the City of David, de- stroyed in the Babylonian assault of 586 b.c. 468 Figures . 1 Egypt and the Near East in the Late Gerzean (c. 3300- 3100 b.c.). 23 2. Walled enclosures of the Old Kingdom. 27 3. Egypt and the Levant in the third millennium b.c. 31 4. Scene from the pyramid temple of Sahure (twenty-fifth century b.c.), showing a boat full of Asiatics arriving in Egypt. 52 5. The eastern Mediterranean in the Late Bronze Age. 131 6. The battle of Megiddo. 157 7. Typical costume in the eastern Mediterranean during the Late Bronze Age. 197 8. Philistine pottery. 293 9. The Levant in the seventh century b.c. 361 10. Trade in the first half of the first millennium b.c. 436 Tables . 1 Libyans and Sea Peoples in Contemporary and Classical Sources 246 2. Tales of the Prophets 321 3. Chronicle Passages with Historical Notices 324 • Illustrations and Tables Historical Notices Relating to the Davidic Dynasty Examples of Königsnovelle Comparison of Akhenaten’s Hymn to the Sun Disk and Psalm 104 Family Tree According to the Table of Nations