Materials 2013, 6, 3373-3386; doi:10.3390/ma6083373 OPEN ACCESS materials ISSN 1996-1944 www.mdpi.com/journal/materials Article Effect of Annealing Temperature on the Water Contact Angle of PVD Hard Coatings Yu-Sen Yang 1,* and Ting-Pin Cho 2,3 1 Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, 2 Juoyue Rd., Nantz District, Kaohsiung 81164, Taiwan 2 Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, 2 Juoyue Rd., Nantz District, Kaohsiung 81164, Taiwan; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Metal Industries Research & Development Centre, 1001 Kaonan Highway, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-7-6011000 (ext. 2292); Fax: +886-7-6011066. Received: 27 June 2013; in revised form: 26 July 2013 / Accepted: 2 August 2013 / Published: 7 August 2013 Abstract: Various PVD (physical vapor deposition) hard coatings including nitrides and metal-doped diamond-like carbons (Me-DLC) were applied in plastic injection and die- casting molds to improve wear resistance and reduce sticking. In this study, nitrides hcp- AlN (hexagonal close-packed AlN), Cr N, (CrAl) N) and Me-DLC (Si-DLC and Cr-DLC) 2 2 coatings were prepared using a closed field unbalanced magnetron reactive sputtering system. The coatings were annealed in air for 2 h at various temperatures, after which the anti-sticking properties were assessed using water contact angle (WCA) measurements. The as-deposited hcp-AlN, Cr N and (CrAl) N coatings exhibit hydrophobic behavior and 2 2 exhibit respective WCAs of 119°, 106° and 101°. The as-deposited Si-DLC and Cr-DLC coatings exhibit hydrophilic behavior and exhibit respective WCAs of 74° and 88°. The annealed Cr N and (CrAl) N coatings exhibit hydrophobic behavior with higher WCAs, 2 2 while the annealed hcp-AlN, Si-DLC and Cr-DLC coatings are hydrophilic. The increased WCA of the annealed Cr N and (CrAl) N coatings is related to their crystal structure and 2 2 increased roughness. The decreased WCA of the annealed hcp-AlN, Si-DLC and Cr-DLC coatings is related to their crystal structures and has little correlation with roughness. Keywords: nitride; DLC; hydrophobic; hydrophilic; water contact angle; anti-sticking Materials 2013, 6 3374 1. Introduction Physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes have long been widely used in the preparation of hard coatings due to their superior combined properties, such as high hardness and good resistance to wear, corrosion and oxidation [1–5]. In addition to wear resistance, corrosive resistance and thermal stability, anti-sticking is also an important property for plastic injection molds [6,7] and the anti-sticking property of coatings affects the release performance of plastic injection molds. To provide acceptable results, hard coatings must be selected carefully for use in plastic injection molds [6], and good release performance requires low surface energy [6,7]. The coating’s anti-sticking property is related to the polar components of surface energy, with lower polar components corresponding with increased water-repellency as well as higher water contact angle (WCA) [7]. A surface with a WCA for water below 90° can be called a hydrophilic surface, while surfaces with a WCA greater than 90° are hydrophobic [8]. A higher WCA corresponds with improved release performance for plastic injection molds. PVD nitride and diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings exhibit good wear and corrosion resistance [9–12]. In particular, the DLC coating exhibits a lower friction coefficient [13–16]. Previous studies have indicated that the anti-sticking property of the Cr–N coating outperforms that of the Zr-DLC coating in practical injection process [17]. In this study, hcp-AlN, Cr N, (CrAl) N, Si-DLC and Cr-DLC coatings were prepared using a closed 2 2 field unbalanced magnetron (CFUBM) reactive sputtering system and further annealed in air for 2 h at various temperatures. The hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of as-deposited and annealed coatings were investigated and the relationship between the phase structures and their respective WCAs was also discussed. 2. Experimental Details 2.1. Coatings Preparation The AlN, Cr N, (CrAl) N, Si-DLC and Cr-DLC coatings were prepared using a CFUBM reactive 2 2 sputtering system with four vertical cathodes at intervals of 90°. The Schema of the CFUBM reactive sputtering system is shown in Figure 1. Dimensions of the deposition chamber were 550 mm in diameter and 500 mm in height, while the dimensions of the target are 300 mm × 109 mm × 10 mm. Two face-to-face Al targets were powered by a medium-frequency (MF) power source for the deposition of the AlN coating. Two face-to-face Cr targets were powered by a DC (Direct Current) power source for the deposition of the Cr N coating. For the deposition of the (CrAl) N coating, two 2 2 face-to-face Cr targets were powered by a DC power source. The other Al and Cr targets were powered by a MF (Medium-frequency, 40 kHz) power source. The Si-DLC coating was deposited with a Si target and three C targets. Two face-to-face C targets were powered by a DC power source. The other C and Si targets were powered by a MF power source. The Cr-DLC was deposited with two face-to-face Cr targets. The respective purity of the Cr, Al, Si and C target materials was 99.5%, 99.999%, 99.999% and 99.98%. The gas purity of Ar, N and C H was 99.999%. The substrate bias 2 2 2 was powered using pulsed DC with a pulse width of 1056 ns. Materials 2013, 6 3375 Figure 1. Schema of the closed field unbalanced magnetron reactive sputtering system. Morphological anisotropy will affect the water contact angle [18] and this impact was minimized in this study by using polished Si (100) substrates. Si (100) substrates were cleaned in an ultrasonic cleaner with surfactant for 15 min and then with de-ionized water for 10 min, and then dried at 100 °C for 15 min before the coating deposition. Prior to deposition, the coating chamber was pumped down to 2.6 × 10−3 Pa. Substrates were bombarded using argon ion (Ar+) at a pressure 0.57 Pa and a bias of −450 V for 10 min before deposition. The thickness of all specimens was controlled at 2.0 ± 0.1 μm by controlling the deposition time. The deposition temperature of all coatings is about 200 ± 20 °C. Previous studies have shown that the N partial pressure affects the crystal structures of Cr–N [10]. In 2 this study, the N partial pressure was controlled to prepare the Cr N and (CrAl) N coatings. All of the 2 2 2 deposition parameters are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Deposition parameters for various coatings. Coatings AlN Cr N (CrAl) N Si-DLC Cr-DLC 2 2 Flow rate Ar/N /C H (sccm) 30/12/0 34/16/0 30/20/0 35/0/0 25/5/20 2 2 2 Working pressure (Pa) 0.40 0.41 0.47 0.38 0.43 Target materials Al × 2 Cr × 2 Cr × 3 + Al × 1 C × 3 + Si × 1 Cr × 2 Target current (A) Al 6A Cr 5A Cr 4A + C 3A + Cr 5A (Cr + Al) 1A (C + Si) 1.5A Substrate Bias Frequency (kHz) 40 130 150 100 70 Negative bias of substrate (−V) 100 50 100 60 75 Rotation speed of specimen (rpm) 5 9 7 9 9 Distance, target to specimen (cm) 7 11 11 9 13 Deposition time (min) 420 25 60 150 80 As-deposited roughness (nm) 54 4 13 3 6 Annealing temperature (°C) 300, 600–800 300–800 300, 600–800 200–600 200, 300 Materials 2013, 6 3376 2.2. Post Annealing of Coatings The oxidation resistant temperatures of the Cr N, (CrAl) N and DLC are around 800, 900 and 2 2 400 °C, respectively [3,19,20]. The process of the annealing is shown in Figure 2. All of the coatings were annealed in air for 2 h at various fixed temperatures to investigate the effect of annealing temperature on the surface morphologies, crystal structures and water contact angle (WCA) of the coatings. Figure 2. Coating annealing process. 2.3. Characterization The crystal structure of the coatings was characterized by grazing incidence X-ray diffractometer (D1 HR-XRD, Bede, Durham, UK) with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å, 2θ/min = 3°). The crystal structures of the annealed AlN, (CrAl) N and Si-DLC films were also observed using X-ray 2 Photoelectron Spectrometer (XPS, PHI-5000 VersaProbe, PHI, Chanhassen, MN, USA). The thickness and morphologies of the various coatings were observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, Hitachi-4700, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) with an accelerating voltage of 15 kV. The Al content of the (CrAl) N films was measured using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) 2 analysis in the Hitachi-4700 FE-SEM. The crystal structure of the as-deposited Si-DLC was characterized using a micro-Raman system (HR-800, HORIBA, Kyoto, Japan) at a backscattering configuration with a 100× optical microscope objective. The surface roughness Ra of the coatings was measured by a surface profiler (Alpha-Step IQ, KLA-Tencor, Milpitas, CA, USA) with a vertical resolution of 0.24 Å. The measurement distance and scanning speed were 800 μm and 50 μm/s, respectively. The sessile-drop method was used for the WCA measurement using a contact angle measurement device (FTA-200, First Ten Angstroms, Portsmouth, UK). Figure 3 shows a diagrammatic sketch of the water contact angle θ. Materials 2013, 6 3377 Figure 3. Diagrammatic sketch of water contact angle θ. The equilibrium of forces among the surface tensions at the 3-phase boundary is described by Young’s Equation [21].    cos (1) SV SL LV where ,  and  are respectively the surface energy of the solid–vapor, solid–liquid and SV SL LV liquid–vapor interfaces, and θ is the equilibrium contact angle. 3. Results and Discussion The WCA of the as-deposited AlN, Cr N, (CrAl) N, Si-DLC and Cr-DLC coatings are shown in 2 2 Figure 4. The as-deposited AlN, Cr N and (CrAl) N coatings exhibit hydrophobic behavior and have 2 2 respective WCAs of 119°, 106° and 101°. The as-deposited Si-DLC and Cr-DLC coatings exhibit hydrophilic behavior and have respective WCAs of 74° and 88°. Figure 4. Water contact angle (WCA) of as-deposited coatings. 140 Hydrophobic Hydrophilic 120 100 ) .g e d( 80 e lg n a t 60 c a t n o c r 40 e t a W 20 0 AlN CrN (CrAl)N Si-DLC Cr-DLC 2 2 Coatings Coatings Figure 5 shows the WCAs of the annealed AlN, Cr N, (CrAl) N, Si-DLC and Cr-DLC coatings. 2 2 The WCA of the 300 °C annealed AlN sharply decreases to 78°. The AlN annealed at higher temperatures still has a lower WCA of 70°~74°. For annealing temperature below 500 °C, the WCA of the Cr N coating shows no noticeable change and still greater than 100°. As the annealing temperature 2 rises to 700 °C, the WCA increases to 115°. The WCA of the 800 °C annealed Cr N coating rapidly 2 Materials 2013, 6 3378 drops to 66°. As the annealing temperature rises to 600 °C, the WCA of the (CrAl) N decreases to 90°. 2 However, the WCA increases to 101° as the annealing temperature rises to 800 °C. The WCAs of the annealed Si-DLC and Cr-DLC coatings are lower than those of the as-deposited and still show hydrophobic behavior. With increased carbon content, the Cr-DLC film is damaged after annealing higher than 400 °C. Annealing of the Cr-DLC film was kept below 300 °C and the WCA of the annealed Cr-DLC decreased to about 70°. The WCA of the annealed Si-DLC decreases to 50° as annealing temperature rises to 500 °C. Both the annealed Si-DLC and Cr-DLC are hydrophilic. Figure 5. WCA of the AlN, Cr N, (CrAl) N, Si-DLC and Cr-DLC coatings annealed at 2 2 various temperatures. 130 120 110 Cr N ) 2 .g 100 e d (CrAl) N ( e 90 2 lg n a 80 tc AlN a tn 70 o c Cr-DLC r e 60 t a Si-DLC W 50 As-deposited 40 30 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Annealing temperature ( oC) The WCAs of the coatings are related to the crystal structure and surface roughness [7,22]. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were generated to investigate the crystal structure and oxidation behavior of the coatings. Figure 6 shows the XRD patterns of the as-deposited and selected annealed AlN, Cr N, 2 (CrAl) N, Si-DLC and Cr-DLC coatings. The XRD pattern of the as-deposited AlN coating exhibits a 2 hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure and prefers an orientation of (100). As the hcp-AlN coating annealed at 700 °C, the intensity of plane (100) decreases significantly and the peaks of the oxide Al O phase cannot be clearly identified. The XRD pattern of the as-deposited Cr N coating shows a 2 3 2 hexagonal structure and prefers an orientation of (111). The Cr2O3 peaks can be clearly identified after annealing at 700 °C. The decomposition of Cr N and formation of Cr O can be expressed as [20]: 2 2 3 Cr N → 2Cr + N (2) 2 2 4Cr + 3O → 2Cr O (3) 2 2 3 According to the EDS analysis results, the Al content of the (CrAl) N coating is only 1.6%. The 2 XRD pattern of the as-deposited (CrAl)2N features only two peaks at (110) and (111), similar to the pattern for the Cr N coating. The Cr O peaks of the 700 °C annealed (CrAl) N coating can be clearly 2 2 3 2 Materials 2013, 6 3379 identified. There are no obvious XRD peaks for the as-deposited Si-DLC and Cr-DLC. As shown in Figure 6, the broadening of the peak for Cr-DLC would result from the presence of ultra fine grain carbide in the carbon matrix [14]. The Si-containing DLCs are amorphous structures. Figure 7 shows the Raman spectrum of the as-deposited Si-DLC coating for further structural examination. The dotted lines on the top of Figure 7 roughly indicate two regions corresponding to the different Si–C and C–C vibration modes [23,24]. Two broad bands centered at ~766 and ~966 cm−1 are SiC Raman scattering peaks for the TO (transverse optical) and LO (longitudinal optical) modes [24]. The D band (centered near 1350–1400 cm−1) and G band (centered near 1560 cm−1) are caused by the C–C vibration mode [24]. The G peak is due to the bond stretching of all pairs of sp2 atoms in both rings and chains. The D peak is due to the breathing modes of the rings. A peak centered at ~1560 cm−1 in the Raman spectrum is characteristic of DLC coatings, and is also described as the “fingerprint” of the DLC coating [14,15]. Figure 6. XRD patterns of various coatings. hcp-AlN )001( )200( )101( )201( )011( )301( annealed at 700 °C as-deposited Cr O Cr N 2 3 2 ).u. )011( )311( )011(rC )420( )611( )412( )003( a ( ytisn )011( )111( annealed at 700 °C )003( e t n as-deposited I Cr O (CrAl) N 2 3 2 )401( )011( )311( )420( )611( )810( )412( )003( )0 )11 annealed at 800 °C 11( 1( Cr(110) as-deposited as-deposited Si-DLC as-deposited Cr-DLC 30 40 50 60 70 Two theta (deg.) Materials 2013, 6 3380 Figure 7. Raman spectrum of Si-DLC. Si-C C-C ).u .a ( y tisn e tn I Si-C Si-C C-C C-C TO mode LO mode D-band G-band 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Raman shift (cm-1) Figure 8 shows the XPS spectra of 300 °C annealed hcp-AlN, 600 °C annealed (CrAl) N and 2 400 °C annealed Si-DLC coatings. The Al O phase of the 300 °C annealed hcp-AlN and 600 °C 2 3 annealed (CrAl) N coatings are clearly identified using the XPS spectra measurement. The oxidation 2 of the retained A1 atoms resulted in the formation of a thin Al O film on the surface of the annealed 2 3 hcp-AlN and (CrAl) N coatings. Figure 8c shows the XPS spectrum of the 400 °C annealed Si-DLC 2 coating, and indicates that the oxidation of the retained Si atoms causes the formation of the SiO 2 phase in the Si-DLC coatings. Figure 8. XPS spectrum of (a) hcp-AlN annealed at 300 °C; (b) 600 °C annealed (CrAl) N 2 and (c) 400 °C annealed Si-DLC. (a) (b) O1s - Al2O3 O 1s - Cr2O3 ).u.a( ytisn ).u.a( ytisn O 1s - Al2O3 etn etn I I 524 528 532 536 540 544 522 524 526 528 530 532 534 536 538 540 542 Binding energy (eV) Binding energy (eV) (c) ) .u.a O1s - SiO2 ( y tis n e t n I 500 520 540 560 580 600 Binding energy (eV) Materials 2013, 6 3381 In addition to the chemical composition of the material surface, the hydrophobic or hydrophilic behavior of the coatings can be enhanced by the degree of surface roughness [8]. Wenzel proposed the following equation for liquid wetting in a rough, chemically homogeneous substrate [22]: cos θ* = R·cos θ (4) where θ is the intrinsic contact angle on the microscopic flat surface, θ* is the contact angle on a rough surface and R is the ratio of the actual area of the rough surface to the geometric projected area (R ≥ 1). Wenzel’s equation indicates that the effect of the surface roughness strongly depends on the value of the intrinsic contact angle θ [25,26]. Since R ≥ 1, rougher surface make hydrophilic surfaces more hydrophilic (θ* < θ) and hydrophobic surfaces more hydrophobic (θ* > θ). Figure 9 shows the roughness Ra of the as-deposited and annealed hcp-AlN, Cr N, (CrAl) N, 2 2 Si-DLC and Cr-DLC coatings. There is no obvious difference of roughness between the as-deposited and the annealed coatings for the hcp-AlN, Si-DLC and Cr-DLC. The roughness of the 700 °C and 800 °C annealed Cr N coatings respectively increases to 13 nm and 17 nm. The roughness of the 2 800 °C annealed (CrAl) N coatings significantly increases to 96 nm. 2 Figure 9. Roughness Ra of the as-deposited and annealed at various temperatures for the hcp-AlN, Cr N, (CrAl) N, Si-DLC and Cr-DLC coatings. 2 2 110 100 90 80 As-deposited ) m 70 n ( a 60 hcp-AlN R s se 50 n h g 40 u o (CrAl)N R 30 2 20 CrN 2 10 Cr-DLC Si-DLC 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Annealing temperature ( oC) Figure 10 shows the surface morphologies observed by SEM for the hcp-AlN, Cr N, (CrAl) N, 2 2 Si-DLC and Cr-DLC coatings. Figure 10a, c, e, g and h, respectively show the as-deposited hcp-AlN, Cr N, (CrAl) N, Si-DLC and Cr-DLC coatings. Figure 10b shows the hcp-AlN coating annealed at 2 2 600 °C. No oxidation is apparent, and the morphology is similar to that of the as-deposited hcp-AlN coating shown in Figure 10a. Figure 10d presents the morphology of the Cr N coating annealed at 2 600 °C, showing that the surface is covered by the rough crystallite of Cr O . Figure 10f shows the 2 3 morphology of the (CrAl) N coating annealed at 700 °C. It differs from the as-deposited (CrAl) N 2 2 coating, with small oxide grains of Cr O forming on the surface. According to the results shown in 2 3 Figures 6, 9 and 10, the rougher surface of the annealed Cr N and (CrAl) N is due to the formation and 2 2 Materials 2013, 6 3382 growth of the Cr O crystals on the coating’s surface. Figure 10g and h, respectively present the 2 3 morphologies of the Si-DLC and Cr-DLC coatings, showing smoother surfaces than those found in the hcp-AlN and (CrAl) N coatings. 2 Figure 10. SEM images (a) as-deposited hcp-AlN; (b) 600 °C annealed hcp-AlN; (c) as-deposited Cr N; (d) 600 °C annealed Cr N; (e) as-deposited (CrAl) N; (f) 700 °C 2 2 2 annealed (CrAl) N; (g) as-deposited Si-DLC; and (h) as-deposited Cr-DLC. 2