Copyright © 2014 by SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Johnson, R. Burke. Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches /R. Burke Johnson, Larry Christensen. — Fifth edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4522-4440-2 (hardcover: alk. paper) 1. Education—Research. I. Title. LB1028.J59 2014 370.72—dc23 2013030678 This book is printed on acid-free paper. 13 14 15 16 17 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 FOR INFORMATION: SAGE Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: [email protected] SAGE Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 India SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. 3 Church Street #10-04 Samsung Hub Singapore 049483 Acquisitions Editor: Reid Hester Associate Editor: Theresa Accomazzo Digital Content Editor: Rachael LeBlond Production Editor: Laura Barrett Copy Editor: Paula L. Fleming Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreader: Stefanie Storholt Indexer: Wendy Allex Cover Designer: Edgar Abarca Marketing Manager: Terra Schultz Permissions Editor: Jennifer Barron B C RIEF ONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments PART I: INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction to Educational Research 2. Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research 3. Action Research for Lifelong Learning PART II: PLANNING THE RESEARCH STUDY 4. How to Review the Literature and Develop Research Questions