Ecosystems Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Kristiina A. Vogt John C. Gordon John P. Wargo Daniel J. Vogt Heidi Asbjornsen Peter A.Palmiotto Heidi J. Clark Jennifer L. O'Hara William S. Keeton Toral Patel-Weynand Evie Witen _co- s stems Balancing Science with Management with contributions by Bruce Larson, Denise Tortoriello, Javier Perez, Anne Marsh, Miel Corbett, Kerry Kaneda, Fred Meyerson, Daniel Smith Springer Kristiina A. Vogt, John C. Gordon, John P. Wargo, William S.Keeton Daniel J. Vogt, Heidi Asbjornsen, Peter A.Palmiotto, University of Washington Heidi J. Clark, Jenni[er L. O'Hara, Toral Patel-Weynand, College of Forest Resources Bruce Larson, Denise Tortoriello, Javier Perez, Seattle, WA, USA Anne Marsh, Miel Corbett, Kerry Kaneda, Fred Meyerson, Daniel Smith Evie Witten School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Executive Director Yale University, Greeley Memorial Laboratory The Great Land Trust 370 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA Anchorage, AK, USA Cover illustratt'on: Views of Mount Hood National Forest in Oregon. Images are contemporary (top) and simulated 20 years in the future (bottom). The computer simulatlon depicts the landscape as it may look if the Northwest Forest Plan is implemented. Images courtesy of Robert Ribe, University of Oregon Institute for a Sustainable Environment. Library of Congress-in-Publication Data Ecosystems: balancing science with management / by Kristiina A. Vogt ... [et aL) ; with contributions by Bruce Larson ... [et aL]. p. an. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-387-94752-5 ISBN 978-1-4612-1908-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4612-1908-8 1. Ecosystem.management. 1. Vogt, Kristiina A. QH75.E3234 1996 96-19134 333.95--dc20 Printed on acid-free paper. © 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. in 1997 AII rights reserved. This work may not be trans1ated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Us e in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even ifthe former are are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Acquiring Editor: Robert OarbeI. Production managed by Frank Oanz; manufacturing supervised by Joe Quatela. Typeset from the authors' original Word files. 987654321 ISBN 978-0-387-94752-5 Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge several people who have contributed to the thoughts presented in this book, even though they were not active participants in the writing of this book. The following individuals have contributed enthusiastic discussions on several of the topics: Thomas Spies, Alan Covich, David Publicover, the Yale FES '"Patterns and Processes in Terrestrial Ecosystems" class of 1995, Murray Rutherford, Thomas Sic- cama, Pat Peacock, Lisa Diekmann, Jeffrey Andrews, Janine Bloomfield, Joseph A. Miller, and Karen Beard. Special acknowledgment also has to go to Kipen Kolesinskas (Connecticut State Soil Scientist, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA), who contributed significantly to the de- velopment of the soil section. Philip Wargo (US Forest Service Northeast Center for Forest Health Research) also contributed exciting new perspec- tives on the role of disease in controlling ecosystem structure and function and we appreciated his input to the development of our ideas. The ideas v Acknowledgments developed in this book occurred while conducting research supported by the National Science Foundation on the long-term Ecological Research Program in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico and as part of research support to Yale University and the University of Washington. Support from the USDA Forest Service, Northeast Global Change Program and USDA Forest Service Insect and Disease Lab were also instrumental in developing many of our ideas on ecosystems. vi Contents Acknowledgments v 1 Introduction 1 2 Ecosystem Concept: Historical and Present Review of Definitions and Development of Ecosystem Ecology, Ecosystem Management, and Its Legal Framework 13 2.1 Roots of the Ecosystem Ecology Concept . 16 2.2 Roots of Management. . . . 88 2.3 Ecosystem Management . . . . . . . . . . 96 vii Contents 3 Tools and Knowledge Base Presently Available to Do Ecosystem Management and to Assess Its Success 115 3.1 Overview................... 115 3.2 Factors Contributing to Ecosystem Scales. 117 3.3 Spatial Boundary Considerations ..... 125 3.4 Spatial Scales Overview. . . . . . . . . . . 127 3.5 Disturbances as Temporal Agents of Ecosystem Change. 138 3.6 Parameters Used to Study Ecosystems. . . . . . . . . .. 141 4 Detecting Resistance and Resilience of Ecosystems 187 4.1 Signs of Ecosystem Degradation and Indicators of Ecosystem State Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 4.2 Useful Approaches for Detecting Ecosystem Change. 198 5 Case Studies: Degrees of Ecosystem Management 267 5.1 Ecosystem Management: What Is Happening in the Field. 267 5.2 Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team's Management Plan for Old-Growth Ecosystems Within Range of the Northern Spotted Owl in the Pacific Northwest United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 5.3 National Forest Ecosystem Management . . . . . . . . 297 5.4 Developing Sustainable Management: Cases from the Pulp and Paper Companies . 317 5.5 Adirondack Park Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 6 Science and Management of Ecosystems Synthesis 367 6.1 Ecosystem Management Framework . . . . . . . . . .. 367 6.2 What Should Be Monitored for Ecosystem Management 372 6.3 Impediments to Utilizing the Ecosystem Management Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 6.4 Adaptive Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 6.5 Principles of Ecosystem Management. . . . . . . . . . 379 6.6 Costs and Benefits of Instituting Ecosystem Management as a New Environmental Management Scheme ...... 382 viii Contents References 389 Appendix: Ecological, Management and Legal Development of Concepts Relevant to Ecosystems Through Time 435 nndex 459 ix