Economic and Monetary Union: aka European Monetary Union Primer on EMU Andrew Rose, Global Macroeconomics 1 EMU DDaatteess • FFormall SSttartt: JJan 11999999 • CCuurrrreennccyy PPhhyyssiiccaallllyy IInnttrroodduucceedd:: JJaann 22000022 – Countries Have Acceded since 2001 Andrew Rose, Global Macroeconomics 2 EMU MMeemmbbeerrss • OOrriiggiinnaall ((1111)) mmeemmbbeerrss:: AAuussttrriiaa, BBeellggiiuumm, FFiinnllaanndd, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands,, Portuggal,, Sppain • Later entrants: Greece (2001); Slovenia (2007); CCyypprruuss ((22000088));; MMaallttaa ((22000088));; SSlloovvaakkiiaa ((22000099));; Estonia (2011); Latvia (2014); Lithuania (2015) • AAcccceessssiioonn ccoouunnttrriieess mmuusstt ttrryy ffoorr eennttrryy vviiaa EERRMM‐22 – Denmark and UK have formal “opt‐outs” Andrew Rose, Global Macroeconomics 3 EMU EEuurrooppeeaann CCeennttrraall BBaannkk ((EECCBB)) • Frankfurt ((close to Buba)) • Run by executive board of six (non‐renewable terms of eight years) • Supervised by Governing Council ((Executive Board plus national central bank governors = “E SSyysstteemm ooff CCBBss” oorr EESSCCBB)),, rruulliinngg bbyy ssiimmppllee majority • Highly independent • Objective of Price Stability (interpreted as inflation close to but less than 2%); subordinate “ggeenneerraall eeccoonnoommiicc ppoolliicciieess” Andrew Rose, Global Macroeconomics 4 EMU EEMMUU BBeenneeffiittss • CCoonnvveerrggeennccee ooff aallll EEuurrooppeeaann iinnffllaattiioonn rraatteess ttoo German rates • IImmppoossssiibbiilliittyy ooff “BBeeggggaarr TThhyy NNeeiigghhbboorr” competitive devaluations – UK,, Italyy,, and Sweden in 1992 • Reduction in exchange rate volatility (thus transactions costs)) – How important for business? Easy to hedge most risk via derivatives Andrew Rose, Global Macroeconomics 5 EMU CCoossttss ooff EEMMUU • LLoss off exchhange ratte as macroeconomiic ttooll – OOnnllyy rreelleevvaanntt iiff sshhoocckkss ddiiffffeerr bbyy mmeemmbbeerr ssttaattee aanndd – Nominal devaluations have real effects – Recall Mundell’s “Optimum Currency Area” ccrriitteerriiaa Andrew Rose, Global Macroeconomics 6 EMU “CCoonnvveerrggeennccee CCrriitteerriiaa” 11 • RRequiiredd ffor enttry iintto EEMMUU • TToo bbee aapppplliieedd bbyy tthhee CCoouunncciill ooff MMiinniisstteerrss • Mostlyy Economic, but Higghlyy Politicized Andrew Rose, Global Macroeconomics 7 EMU CCoonnvveerrggeennccee CCrriitteerriiaa,, 22 1.. Inssttittuuttioonss – Central bank independence 2. Inflation – CPI inflation within 1.5% of target; – Target is average inflation of three EU countries with llowest inffllation 3. Interest Rates – AAverage llong‐tterm iintterestt rattes wiitthhiin 22%% off ttargett; – Target is average long‐term interest rate of the three low‐inflation countries Andrew Rose, Global Macroeconomics 8 EMU CCoonnvveerrggeennccee CCrriitteerriiaa,, 33 4.. Excchaanggee Raatteess – Exchange Rates within “normal (?) bounds” ERM of EMS, 15% (!) – No realignment within last two years 5. Fiscal Positions: “Sustainable Government FFiinanciiall PPosiittiion””, ddeffiinedd as: a) Flow: Deficit/GDP ratio of less than 3%, and bb)) SSttoocckk:: DDeebbtt//GGDDPP rraattiioo ooff lleessss tthhaann 6600%% – “Escape clauses” exist for “temporary circumstances” or declining debt Andrew Rose, Global Macroeconomics 9 EMU SSttaabbiilliittyy ((aanndd GGrroowwtthh)) PPaacctt • “IInnss” sshhoouulldd mmaaiinnttaaiinn ddeeffiicciittss ooff lleessss tthhaann 33%% GDP or face penalties – German origgins – Implies pro‐cyclic fiscal policy • Widelyy flouted byy largge countries in ppractice – France ‘03‐’07, Germany ‘03‐’06, Italy ‘03‐? – Also breaches byy Greece, Netherlands, Portuggal – Reformed slightly in 2005 – Revived at summit in December 2011 Andrew Rose, Global Macroeconomics 10 EMU
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