EASTERN ARMENIAN F E - W OR THE NGLISH SPEAKING ORLD :R:WANI P:TAKAN FAMALSARAN DORA SAQA|AN AR:W:LAFA|:R:NE A NGLIA>OS A<>ARFI FAMAR XOUGADRAKAN MOT:ZMAMB :R:WANI P:TAKAN FAMALSARANI FRATARAKCOUJ|OUN :R:WAN - 2007 YEREVAN STATE UNIVERSITY DORA SAKAYAN EASTERN ARMENIAN F E - W OR THE NGLISH SPEAKING ORLD A CONTRASTIVE APPROACH YEREVAN STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS YEREVAN- 2007 FTD 809&198&1 GMD 81&2F S 294 Fratarakouj\an h ;ra,.aworw;l fa\ banasirouj\an `akoult;ti gitakan .orfrdi 2007j& fokt;mb;ri 17-i nistoum! Recommended for publication by the Senate of the Armenian Philology Faculty at Yerevan State University on October 17, 2007. Sakayan, Dora 1931 - © 2007 Dora Sakayan 1. Armenian language (Eastern version). 2. Contrastive linguistics (Armenian-English contrasts) ISBN 978-5-8084-08 90-6 Artwork inside the textbook by ARTO All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form. Printed in Armenia Yerevan State University Press, 2007 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all those, friends and colleagues, who offered encouragement and advice during the preparation of this textbook. I especially appreciated the feedback I received in the final stage of this project from my colleagues at Yerevan State University. I wish to thank in particular • the distinguished Orientalist Arman Akopian, who, on a diplomatic mission in Canada, kindly volunteered to read the manuscript and responded with valuable suggestions; • Professor Hrachik Mirzoyan who carried out the initial copy-editing of the Armenian text; • Professor Sergey Galstyan who examined, edited and evaluated the linguistic corpus of the book with utmost care; • Professor Samvel Muradyan for reading and approving the appended literary material; • Associate Professor Svetlana Vardanian for the final copy-editing of the entire textbook. I am also indebted to the Armenologist Davit Gyulzadyan for the proofreading of the Armenian sections, Hasmik Gulakyan and Zareh Tjeknavorian for their assistance during the production of the attached CD, as well as Maro Manavian for professional help with the layout of this textbook. Dora Sakayan Yerevan, 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Unit Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv The Armenian Alphabet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxii Introductory Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv Unit 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Unit 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Unit 3 ............................................................... 45 Unit 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Unit 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Unit 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Unit 7 ...............................................................143 Unit 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Unit 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Unit 10 ..............................................................219 Unit 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Unit 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Gambits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Grammar Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Readings About Armenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Articles from Newspapers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Armenian Fables....................................................383 Armenian Fairy Tales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 Armenian Humor ...................................................398 Excerpts from Armenian Prose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Armenian Poems in Translation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 Armenian-English Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 English-Armenian Glossary..............................................501 Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 Short Biography.......................................................536 UNIT CONTENTS UNIT 1 Speech Acts in Dialogues: Requesting and receiving personal information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Vocabulary: 1. Countries, their people and languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2. Cardinal numerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Grammar: VERBS: 1.The Armenian infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2. The indicative mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 a) the present tense of regular verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 b) the present tense of some irregular verbs. . . . . . . . . . . 12 3. Uses of the present tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 NOUNS: 1. The definite article . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.The indefinite article. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Armenian-English Contrasts: Armenian equivalents of the English you. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Word Formation: Derivations from country names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Pronunciation: Armenian word accentuation............................... 17 Orthography: Punctuation marks....................................... 18 Writing: A a% S s% O o% Ou ou% Â ®% M m% N n% F f% V v% Ø ø% (#) ...19 UNIT 2 Speech Acts in Dialogues: 1. Identifying things and persons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.Affirming and denying states and actions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Vocabulary: 1. Rooms and furniture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2. Classroom items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Grammar: VERBS:Formation of the negative forms of verbs 1. Irregular verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2. Regular verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 NOUNS:Formation of the plural. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Armenian-English Contrasts: Word order in Armenian sentences (inversion). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Word Formation: Formation of compound nouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Pronunciation: The letters B b% P p% and " '............................ 37 Orthography: Exclamation marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Writing: B b% G g% D d% : ;% X x% H h% E e% J j% I i% L l% (@)........ 39 ix UNIT 3 Speech Acts in Dialogues: Making requests and responding to them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Vocabulary: Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Grammar: VERBS: 1. Armenian equivalents of the English to be. . . . . . . . . . 52 2.The indicative imperfect tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 POSSESSION:Possessive adjectives, possessive articles, and possessive pronouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Armenian-English Contrasts: Gender in Armenian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Word Formation: 1. Derivation of abstract nouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 2. Derivation of nouns denoting locations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Pronunciation: The letters G g% K k% and Q q............................ 60 Orthography: : ; or H h........................................... 61 Writing: > .% ’ ‘% K k% } ]% { [% Z z% | \% < ,% C c% P p ...........62 UNIT 4 Speech Acts in Dialogues: Introducing family and friends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Vocabulary: Family and relatives..................................... 72 Grammar VERBS: The aorist (simple past)............................ 74 NOUNS: 1. The declension paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 2.The nominative and accusative cases............... 78 Armenian-English Contrasts: Some Armenian expressions of politeness.................... 80 Word Formation: Diminutives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Pronunciation: The letters D d% T t% and J j .......................... 83 Orthography: O o or Ø ø ?........................................... 84 Writing: + =% W w% T t% R r% " '% Q q% ~ `% Y y% :w% …......... 85 UNIT 5 Speech Acts in Dialogues: Asking for opinion and expressing one . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Vocabulary: Clothing, colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Grammar: VERBS: The perfect and pluperfect tenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 NOUNS: 1. Declension types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 2.The genitive and dative cases ................... 102 Armenian-English Contrasts: 1. Impersonal sentences.......................... 105 2. Expressions of like and dislike. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Word Formation: Vowel alterations and mutations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Pronunciation: The letters { [and > ..................................109 Orthograpy: :w% ;w or … ? .........................................110 x UNIT 6 Speech Acts in Dialogues: Asking about and telling time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Vocabulary: Time expressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Grammar: VERBS: 1. The future and the future imperfect. . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 2.The imperative mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 NOUNS: The ablative case. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 NUMERALS: 1. Ordinal numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 2. Distributive numerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 3. Fractional numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Armenian-English Contrasts: Interrogative sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Word Formation: Formation of nouns denoting persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Pronunciation: The letters } ]% ’ ‘% and Z z..............................136 Orthography: Armenian syllabification and the transitory vowel [§]............137 UNIT 7 Speech Acts in Dialogues: Discussing health and well-being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Vocabulary: Body parts ...........................................148 Grammar: VERBS: 1. The subjunctive mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 2.The passive voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 NOUNS: The instrumental case......................... 156 Armenian-English Contrasts: Prepositions and postpositions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Word Formation: Derivation of verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Pronunciation: The letters + =% Y y% and C c .............................163 Orthography: Â ® or R r ? .......................................... 164 UNIT 8 Speech Acts in Dialogues: Describing and comparing people and things. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Vocabulary: 1. Profession.................................174 2.Adjectives, antonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Grammar: VERBS: 1.The mandative mood ...................... 177 2.The nominalized infinitive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 ADJECTIVES: 1. Functions of adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 2. Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 PRONOUNS: Declension of personal pronouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Armenian-English Contrasts:The Armenian deictic system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Word Formation: Formation of adjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Pronunciation: Armenian ‘diphthongs’....................................190 Orthography: The spelling of Armenian ‘diphtongs’....................... 191 xi UNIT 9 Speech Acts in Dialogues: Discussing weather. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Vocabulary: Nature, flowers, trees, animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Grammar: VERBS: 1. Resultative constructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 2. Phrasal or two-part verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 NOUNS: The locative case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 PRONOUNS:Interrogative and relative pronouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Armenian-English Contrasts: The relative pronoun or(e) ...............................211 Word formation: Formation of adverbials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Pronunciation: Connecting words that belong together (liaison). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Orthography: Hyphenation in Armenian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 UNIT 10 Speech Acts in Dialogues: Extending and accepting invitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Vocabulary: Holidays and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Grammar: VERBS: The hypothetical mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 PRONOUNS: Reciprocal, possessive,definite pronouns. . . . . . 230 SYNTAX: Simple sentences in Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Armenian-English Contrasts:Negation in Armenian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Word Formation: Formation of participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Pronunciation: The vowel -e[§]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Orthography: Punctuation marks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 UNIT 11 Speech Acts in Dialogues: Planning leisure time and vacations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Vocabulary: City and country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Grammar: SYNTAX:The structure of sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Armenian-English Contrasts:Government of verbs and adjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Word Formation: Two-word compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Pronunciation: Interjections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Orthography: Capitalizing words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 UNIT 12 Speech Acts in Dialogues: Discussing news. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Vocabulary: Media and news. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Grammar: Syntax: Direct and indirect speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Armenian-English Contrasts:Nominalizations in Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Word formation: Reduplication in Armenian.............................288 Pronunciation: Double consonants ................................. 291 Orthography: Rendering English words into Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 xii