>} hv'; OXFORD HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH Edited by Henry and Owen Chadwick / East and West: The Making of a Rift in the Church From Apostolic Times until the Council of Florence HENRY CHADWICK OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXTORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford 0x2 6dp Oxford Univenity Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madnd Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi S5o Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Henry Chadwick 2003 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available ISBN 0-19—926457—0 13579 10 8642 Typeset by Hope Services (Abingdon) Ltd Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd., Guildford & King’s Lynn To my wife Sine qua non PREFATORY NOTE Special thanks are due to support from the officers of Oxford University Press, especially Hilary O’Shea, Jenny Wagstaffe, Lucy Qureshi, and Dr Leofranc Holford-Strevens, and to many patient librarians in both Oxford and Cambridge. H.C. CONTENTS Abbreviations ix 1. Introduction i 2. Early Christian Diversity: The Quest for Coherence 2 3. The Roots of Divergence 7 4. Differences in Theology 13 5. Emperor Theodosius: Council of Constantinople (381) 20 6. Augustine: Filioque? 27 7. Constantinople’s growing power: Socrates the Historian 34 8. The Unity of Christ: Devotion to Mary 40 9. Zeno’s Henotikon, Rome’s Fury, and the Acacian Schism: Dionysius Exiguus 50 10. Three Chapters: The Fifth Council (553) 55 11. One Energy, One Will 59 12. The Sixth Council (680—1). Council in Trullo (692) 64 13. Icons 71 14. The Papacy and the Franks 77 15. Aachen as Third Rome: Caroline Books; Filioque-, Eriugena 83 16. Pope Nicolas I 95 17. Hincmar of Reims 103 18. Jurisdiction: Illyricum, Bulgars. Paulicians 106 19. Pope Nicolas’ Advice to the Bulgar Khan. Rome’s Saturday Fast 113 20. Problems at Constantinople: Patriarch Ignatius 119 21. Photius 124 22. Pope Nicolas I Supports Ignatius I34 23. Ignatius’ Retrial: Nicolas Excommunicates Photius 139 24. Deterioration in Relations I47 25. The Case against the Latins: Photius’I53 26. Photius’ Break with Nicolas: Nicolas Invokes Hincmar’s Help: Basil the Macedonian: Photius Deposed 158 27. Basil I: Ignatius Restored. The Synod of 869: Pope Hadrian II 164 28. Photius Restored. Pope John VIII. The Council of 879 173 29. The Emperor Leo VI the Wise: Photius Deposed 182 30. Greek Critics of Photius: Photius Honours Ignatius’ Memory 185 viii Contents 31. Liudprand of Cremona in Constantinople I93 32. The Normans in the South: Cardinal Humbert: The Council of Rome (1059): Unleavened Bread 200 33. Pope Leo IX’s Legation to Constantinople (1054): Humbert and Cerularius -206 34. Peter Damian: Gregory VII: Theophylact of Ochrid 219 35. Pope Urban II: Anselm of Canterbury at Bari 222 36. Anselm of Havelberg 228 37. Crusades: Fall of Constantinople (1204): Innocent III: Balsamon 233 38. East-West Debates at Nicaea and Nymphaion 238 39. Purgatory 244 40. Michael Palaeologus’ Renewed Quest for Unity: Pope Gregory X: Council of Lyon: Bekkos 246 41. The Councils of Basel and Ferrara/Florence: Pope Eugenius IV 258 Epilogue 275 Bibliography 277 Index 281 ABBREVIATIONS A CO Acta Conciliorum Oecumenicomm Acta Latina Acta Latina Concilii Florentini, ed. G. Hofrnann (Concilium Florentinum: documenta et scriptores, B vi; Rome, 1955) An. Boll. Analecta Bollandiana Coleti N. Coleti, Sacrosancta concilia ad regiam editionem exacta, 23 vols. (Venice, 1728—33) Deusdedit Die Kanonessammlung des Kardinals Deusdedit, ed. V. Wolf von Glanvell (Paderborn, 1905) Greek Acts Quae supersunt actorum Graecorum Coruilii Florentini, ed.J. Gill, 2 vols. (Concilium Florentinum: documenta et scriptores, B v; Rome, 1953) Hardouin J. Hardouin, Conciliorum collectio regia maxima, 12 vols. (Paris, 1714-15) Iconoclasm A. Bryer and J. Herrin (eds.), Iconoclasm: Papers Given at the Ninth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, University of Birmingham, March igys (Birmingham, 1977) JTS Journal of Theological Studies LW Photius, Epistulae et Amphilochia, ed. V. Laourdas and L. G. Westerink, 6 vols. (Leipzig, I983“9) Mansi J. D. Mansi, Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, 55 vols. (Florence etc., 1759—1962) MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica Epp. Epistulae SRG Scriptores rerum Germanicarum PG Patrologia Graeca PL Patrologia Latina Reg. Registrum RP G. A. Rhalles and M. Podis, Zvvrayixa toov delojv Kal iepcov Kavovcov tcov re dyicov Kai iravevfrjfj.cov AttootoXcov Kal tcov Iepcov oiKovpceviKcov Kal tottikcov 2Jvv68cov Kal TCOV /card pcepos Iepcov UaTepcov, 6 vols. (Athens, 1852-9) Tanner Norman P. Tanner, Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, 2 vols. (London and Washington, DC, 1990)