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EARTHQUAKE FOCAL MECHANISM AND STRESS TENSOR ANALYSIS ALONG THE CENTRAL SEGMENT OF THE NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY EZGİ KARASÖZEN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING JULY 2010 Approval of the thesis: EARTHQUAKE FOCAL MECHANISM AND STRESS TENSOR ANALYSIS ALONG THE CENTRAL SEGMENT OF THE NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT submitted by EZGİ KARASÖZEN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geological Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Canan Özgen Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences _________________ Prof. Dr. Zeki Çamur Head of Department, Geological Engineering _________________ Assist. Prof. Dr. A. Arda Özacar Supervisor, Geological Engineering Dept., METU _________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nuretdin Kaymakcı Co-Supervisor, Geological Engineering Dept., METU _________________ Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Erdin Bozkurt Geological Engineering Dept., METU _________________ Assist. Prof. Dr. A. Arda Özacar Geological Engineering Dept., METU _________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nuretdin Kaymakcı Geological Engineering Dept., METU _________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. F. Bora Rojay Geological Engineering Dept., METU _________________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Gonca ÖRGÜLÜ Geophysical Engineering Dept., İTU _________________ Date: 19.07.2010 ii I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Ezgi Karasözen Signature: iii ABSTRACT EARTHQUAKE FOCAL MECHANISM AND STRESS TENSOR ANALYSIS ALONG THE CENTRAL SEGMENT OF THE NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT Karasözen, Ezgi M.Sc., Department of Geological Engineering Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. A. Arda Özacar Co-Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nuretdin Kaymakcı July 2010, 205pages The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is one of the world’s largest active continental strike- slip faults, and forms the northern margin of the Anatolian plate. Although its geologic and geomorphologic features are well defined, crustal deformation and associated seismicity around central segment of the NAF is relatively less-known. In this study, we analyzed locations and focal mechanisms of 172 events with magnitude ≥ 3, which are recorded by 39 broadband seismic stations deployed by the North Anatolian Passive Seismic Experiment (2005-2008). Distribution of the events shows that the local seismicity in the area is widely distributed, suggesting a widespread continental deformation, particularly in the southern block. For the entire data set, P- and S- arrival times are picked and events are relocated using the HYPOCENTER program. Then, relocated events which have a good azimuthal coverage with a maximum gap of 120° and at least 13 P- wave readings are selected and 1-D inversion algorithm, VELEST, is used to derive the 1-D seismic velocity model of the region. The final model with updated locations is later put together to the FOCMEC program, to obtain focal mechanisms solutions. In this step, an iterative scheme is applied by increasing the number of data errors. To obtain more unique solutions, first motions of P and SH iv phases are used along with SH/P amplitude ratios. Resultant 109 well-constrained focal mechanisms later used to perform stress tensor inversion across the region. Our focal mechanisms suggest a dominant strike-slip deformation along two major fault sets in the region. In the east, E-W trending splays (Ezinepazarı, Almus, and Laçin Kızılırmak) show right-lateral strike-slip motion similar to the NAF whereas in the west, N-S trending faults (Dodurga, Eldivan) show left lateral strike-slip motion. Overall, stress orientations are found as: maximum principal stress, σ , is found to be 1 subhorizontal striking NW-SE, the intermediate principle stress, σ , is vertically 2 orientated and the minimum principal stress, σ , is found to be NE –SW striking, 3 consistent with the strike-slip regime of the region. Keywords: North Anatolian Fault, hypocenter relocation, strike-slip faults, stress tensor inversion v ÖZ KUZEY ANADOLU FAYI ORTA KESİMİNDEKİ DEPREMLERİN ODAK MEKANİZMA VE STRES TENSÖR ANALİZİ Karasözen, Ezgi Yüksek Lisans, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Yrd. Doç. Dr. A. Arda Özacar Ortak Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Nuretdin Kaymakcı Temmuz 2010, 205 sayfa Kuzey Anadolu Fay hattı (KAF) dünyanın en büyük aktif kıtasal doğrultu atımlı faylarından biridir ve Anadolu Levhası’nın kuzey kenarını oluşturur. Jeolojik ve jeomorfolojik özellikleri oldukça iyi tanınmasına rağmen, KAF’ın orta kısmındaki kabuksal bozulmalar ile ilgili depremselliği görece az bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Kuzey Anadolu Pasif Sismik Deneyi (2005-2008) kapsamında yerleştirilmiş 39 genişbant sismik istasyonunda kaydedilmiş, büyüklüğü 3 ve 3’den büyük 172 jeolojik olayın konumu ve odak mekanizması analiz edilmiştir. Jeolojik olayların dağılımına göre yerel depremsellik geniş bir alanda yayılım göstermekte ve özellikle güney blokta yaygın bir kıtasal bozulmaya işaret etmektedir. Tüm veri kümesi için P- ve S- varış zamanları seçilmiş ve olaylar HYPOCENTER programı kullanılarak yeniden konumlandırılmıştır. Ardından, en fazla 120° boşluk ve en az 13 P- dalga okuması ile iyi azimut kapsamına sahip olan yeniden konumlandırılmış olaylar seçilmiş ve alanın 1 boyutlu sismik hız modelini oluşturmak için 1 boyutlu dönüşüm algoritması olan VELEST kullanılmıştır. Son model, güncellenmiş konumlarla birlikte odak mekanizmalarının çözümlerinin elde edilmesi için FOCMEC programında çalıştırılmıştır. Bu aşamada veri hatası sayısı arttırılarak bir tekrarlamalı taslak uygulanmıştır. Daha özgün çözümler elde etmek için P’nin ilk hareketleri ve SH fazları SH/P dalga genişlik oranları ile birlikte kullanılmıştır. Eldeki 109 adet iyi belirlenmiş vi odak mekanizması, daha sonra bölgenin gerilme tensörü dönüşümünü elde etmek için kullanılmıştır. Bizim odak mekanizmalarımız, bölgede iki ana fay seti boyunca baskın bir doğrultu atımlı deformasyon olduğunu önermektedir. Doğuda, D-B gidişli kollar (Ezinepazarı, Almus ve Laçin Kızılırmak) KAF’a benzer şekilde sağ-yönlü doğrultulu atım hareketi gösterirken; batıda, K-G gidişli faylar (Dodurga, Eldivan) sol-yönlü doğrultulu atım hareketi göstermektedir. Bütünde, gerilme yönelimleri, bölgenin doğrultu atımlı rejimiyle tutarlı olarak şu şekilde bulunmuştur: maksimum asal gerilme, σ , yataya yakın 1 KB-GD doğrultusundadır; ortaç asal gerilme, σ , dikey doğrultudadır; minimum asal 2 gerilme, σ , ise KD-GB doğrultusundadır. 3 Anahtar sözcükler: Kuzey Andolu Fayı, odak mekanizma çözümleri, doğrultu atımlı faylar, gerilme tensörü dönüşümü vii To My Parents Zerrin & Bülent viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank my advisor Assist. Prof. Dr. A. Arda Özacar for his invaluable guidance, critical vision, motivation, understanding and kindness throughout the course of my M.Sc. studies. I would also like to express my thanks to Assoc.Prof.Dr. Bora Rojay, Assoc.Prof.Dr. M. Lütfi Süzen, and my co-supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nuretdin Kaymakcı. Special thanks are extended to Berk Biryol, who helped me a lot throughout the difficulties I encountered in the initial stages of this thesis. I want to thank to my “roomie” Kıvanç Yücel, who shared all the stages of this thesis, providing me a joyful working atmosphere. Also, I would like to thank my dear friend Ezgi Ünal for her continuous support and endless motivation. I would like to thank to my dear F.R.I.E.N.D.S., Ezgi Tinçer, Merve Genç, Çiğdem Cankara and Gizem Tinçer, it would be very hard to accomplish this study without them. I would like to thank to Çağdaş Öztük for all the happiness and cheering he provided, he kept me sane and made this thesis possible. I would be “Lost” without him. Finally, I am very grateful to my dearest parents Zerrin and Bülent Karasözen, who truly merit the dedication of this thesis. I am really very lucky to have them. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... iv ÖZ ..................................................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... xii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Purpose and Scope ................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Data and Methods of the Study ............................................................................ 2 1.3 Organization of the Thesis .................................................................................... 3 2. TECTONIC SETTING 4 2.1 Geology of the Region .......................................................................................... 4 2.2 North Anatolian Fault Zone .................................................................................. 7 2.2.1 Major Splays ................................................................................................ 10 2.3 Seismicity of the Region ..................................................................................... 11 2.3.1 Earthquake statistics .................................................................................... 18 2.3.2 Focal Mechanisms ....................................................................................... 20 3. EARTHQUAKE RELOCATION 24 x

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invaluable guidance, critical vision, motivation, understanding and kindness CNAF and average showed nearly the same pattern (Figure 22).
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