Earth Politics Narrating Native Histories SerieS editorS K. Tsianina Lomawaima Alcida Rita Ramos Florencia E. Mallon Joanne Rappaport editorial adviSory Board Denise Y. Arnold Noenoe K. Silva Charles R. Hale David Wilkins Roberta Hill Juan de Dios Yapita Narrating Native Histories aims to foster a rethinking of the ethical, methodologi- cal, and conceptual frameworks within which we locate our work on native histories and cultures. We seek to create a space for effective and ongoing conversations be- tween north and south, natives and nonnatives, academics and activists throughout the Americas and the Pacific region. We are committed to complicating and trans- gressing the disciplinary and epistemological boundaries of established academic discourses on native peoples. This series encourages symmetrical, horizontal, collaborative, and auto- ethnographies; work that recognizes native intellectuals, cultural interpreters, and alternative knowledge producers within broader academic and intellectual worlds; projects that decolonize the relationship between orality and textuality; narratives that productively work the tensions between the norms of native cultures and the requirements for evidence in academic circles; and analyses that contribute to an understanding of native peoples’ relationships with nation-s tates, including histo- ries of expropriation and exclusion as well as projects for autonomy and sovereignty. Combining, as he himself explains, ethnography, biography, and history, Waskar Ari traces the deep roots of Bolivia’s current decolonization agenda and debates in the multiple forms of indigenous political creativity and conflictual politics of twentieth- century Bolivia. Earth politics emerges as a creative umbrella concept under which different Aymara, Quechua, and Uru activist intellectuals developed notions of Indian law that articulated indigenous beliefs and practices with the colonial notion of the Indian republic in innovative and unique ways. Ari provides us with fresh per- spectives on the Bolivian National Revolution of 1952, the Indianista and Katarista movements, and Evo Morales’s complex and contested project for decolonized and radical democracy. Earth Politics Religion, Decolonization, and Bolivia’s Indigenous Intellectuals WaSkar ari Duke University Press Durham and London 2014 © 2014 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-f ree paper ♾ Typeset in Quadraat by Tseng Information Systems, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Ari Chachaki, Waskar. Earth politics : religion, decolonization, and Bolivia’s indigenous intellectuals / Waskar Ari. pages cm — (Narrating native histories) Includes bibliographical references and index. iSBn 978- 0- 8223- 5613- 4 (cloth : alk. paper) iSBn 978- 0- 8223- 5617- 2 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Alcaldes Mayores Particulares (Bolivia) 2. Indians of South America—Bolivia—Politics and government. 3. Nationalism—Bolivia—History—20th century. 4. Bolivia—Race relations—History—20th century. I. Title. II. Series: Narrating native histories. f3320.c43 2014 984.05′1—dc23 2013026428 Mamitaxataki, Eduarda Chachaki, jupaw awkitraki taykatraki nayatak akapachan sayt’awayi To my mother, Eduarda Chachaki, who has played the role of both father and mother in my life Acknowledgments ix C ontents 1 Building the Indian Law and a Decolonization Project in Bolivia 1 2 Nation Making and the Genealogy of the amp Indigenous Activists 31 3 The Beginning of the Decolonization Project: Toribio Miranda’s Framing and Dissemination of the Indian Law 55 4 Against Cholification: Gregorio Titiriku’s Urban Experience and the Development of Earth Politics in Segregated Times 81 5 Between Internal Colonialism and War: Melitón Gallardo in the Southern Andean Estates 115 6 Against Whitening: Andrés Jacha’qullu’s Movement between Worlds in the Era of the Bolivian National Revolution of 1952 135 concluSion The amp’s Innovations and Its Legacy in Bolivia under Evo Morales 171 Appendix 1 189 Appendix 2 193 Notes 199 Glossary 227 Selected Bibliography 233 Index 251 Acknowledgments Acknowledgments perform the essential intellectual task of situating the production of an individual work in a long chain of influence, collabo- ration, and encouragement. I’ve worked over this section several times, more than any other part of the book, so I’ll just stop here, apologize to anyone I may have missed, and start at the beginning. Originally from Bolivia and having spent most of my life in La Paz, I had the good fortune to have first been taught the connection between politics and history by Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui, Ivonne Farah, Julio Man- tilla, Hugo Bedregal Romero, and Danilo Paz Ballivian while at the Uni- versity of San Andrés. Aymara scholars and activists such as Julian Ugarte, Clemente Pimentel, Anacleta Ventura, Prudencio Peňa, and Ricarda Torri- cos first introduced me to the complicated history of Andean indigenous activists. I also benefited from extensive academic discussions on the topic with Tomas Huanca, Carlos Mamani of the Taller de Historia Oral Andina (thoa), and Roberto Choque. In 1998 I began my journey toward earning my PhD at Carnegie Mel- lon University, where I had the privilege to work with outstanding schol- ars such as Tera Hunter, who first taught me about the history of race. Soon thereafter, however, I received an offer to continue my studies at Georgetown University. Having only recently left Bolivia, I felt unsure about making the move, but friends like Forrest Hylton convinced me that Georgetown and Washington, DC, would offer me a rich intellectual