ISSI Scientifi c Report 15 Pierre-Philippe Mathieu Christoph Aubrecht Editors Earth Observation Open Science and Innovation ISSI Scientific Report Series Volume 15 TheISSIScientificReportSeriespresenttheresultsofWorkingGroups(orTeams) that set out to assemble an expert overview of the latest research methods and observation techniques in a variety of fields in space science and astronomy. The Working Groups are organized by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, Switzerland. ISSI’s main task is to contribute to the achievement of a deeper understanding of the results from space-research missions, adding value to those results through multi-disciplinary research in an atmosphere of international cooperation. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/10151 Pierre-Philippe Mathieu • Christoph Aubrecht Editors Earth Observation Open Science and Innovation Editors Pierre-PhilippeMathieu ChristophAubrecht ESA/ESRIN ESA/ESRIN&WorldBank Frascati,Italy Washington,DC,USA ISSIScientificReportSeries ISBN978-3-319-65632-8 ISBN978-3-319-65633-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65633-5 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017958445 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s)2018.Thisbookisanopenaccesspublication. OpenAccess ThisbookislicensedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0Inter- nationalLicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/),whichpermitsuse,sharing,adaptation, distributionandreproductioninanymediumorformat,aslongasyougiveappropriatecredittothe originalauthor(s)andthesource,providealinktotheCreativeCommonslicenseandindicateifchanges weremade. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license,unlessindicatedotherwiseinacreditlinetothematerial.Ifmaterialisnotincludedinthebook’s CreativeCommonslicenseandyourintendeduseisnotpermittedbystatutoryregulationorexceedsthe permitteduse,youwillneedtoobtainpermissiondirectlyfromthecopyrightholder. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Foreword TheworldofEarthObservation(EO)israpidlychangingasaresultofexponential advancesinsensoranddigitaltechnologies.Thespeedofchangehasnohistorical precedent. Recent decades have witnessed extraordinary developments in ICT, includingtheInternet,cloudcomputingandstorage,whichhaveallledtoradically newwaystocollect,distributeandanalysedataaboutourplanet. Thisdigitalrevolutionisalsoaccompaniedbyasensingrevolutionthatprovides anunprecedentedamountofdataonthestateofourplanetanditschanges. Europe leads this sensing revolution in space through the Copernicus initiative and the corresponding development of a family of Sentinel missions. This has enabled the global monitoring of our planet across the whole electromagnetic spectrumonanoperationalandsustainedbasis. Inaddition,anewtrend,referredtoas“NewSpace”intheUSAor“Space4.0” in Europe, is now rapidly emerging through the increasing commoditization and commercializationofspace.Inparticular,withtherapidlydroppingcostsofsmall sat building, launching and processing, new EO actors including startups and ICT giants are now entering the space business in masses, forming new constellations ofstandardizedsmallsatsthatdeliveranewclassofdataonourplanetwithhigher spatialresolutionandincreasedtemporalfrequency. Thesenewglobaldatasetsfromspaceleadtoafarmorecomprehensivepicture ofourplanet.Thispictureisnowevenmorerefinedviadatafrombillionsofsmart andinter-connectedsensorsreferredtoastheInternetofThings(IoT). Suchstreamsofdynamicdataonourplanetoffernewpossibilitiesforscientists to advance our understanding of how the ocean, atmosphere, land and cryosphere operate and interact as part on an integrated Earth System. It also represents new opportunities for entrepreneurs to turn big data into new types of information services. However, these opportunities come with new challenges for scientists, businesses,dataandsoftwareproviderswhomustmakesenseofthevastanddiverse amountofdatabycapitalizingonnewtechnologiessuchasbigdataanalytics. v vi Foreword This book invites you to explore various elements of the big data revolution, addressingthedevelopmentofSpace4.0,thenewgenerationofdata-drivenresearch infrastructure(includingtheemergenceofdatacubes),newapplicationsintegrating IoTandEO,newbusinessmodelsintheemerginggeo-sharingeconomy,newways tosupporte-learninganddigitaleducation,newapplicationoftechnologiessuchas cloudcomputing,artificialintelligence(AI),anddeeplearning,andtheincreasing role of new actors such as innovative startups, ICT corporates, data scientists and citizenscientists.Bydoingso,itaimstostimulatenewideasabouthowtomakethe mostofEOandderivedinformationinarapidlychangingenvironment. WishingyouaninspiringjourneyintheexcitingfieldofEOOpenScienceand Innovation. JosefAschbacher DirectorofEarthObservationProgrammes EuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA) Frascati,Italy Contents PartI JointheGeoRevolution TheChangingLandscapeofGeospatialInformationMarkets............. 3 ConorO’Sullivan,NicholasWise,andPierre-PhilippeMathieu TheDigitalTransformationofEducation..................................... 25 Ravi Kapur, Val Byfield, Fabio Del Frate, Mark Higgins, andSheilaJagannathan TheOpenScienceCommonsfortheEuropeanResearchArea............. 43 TizianaFerrari,DiegoScardaci,andSergioAndreozzi CitizenScienceforObservingandUnderstandingtheEarth............... 69 Mordechai(Muki)Haklay,SuvodeepMazumdar,andJessicaWardlaw PartII EnablingDataIntensiveScience FosteringCross-DisciplinaryEarthScienceThroughDatacube Analytics .......................................................................... 91 Peter Baumann, Angelo Pio Rossi, Brennan Bell, Oliver Clements, Ben Evans, Heike Hoenig, Patrick Hogan, George Kakaletris, Panagiota Koltsida, Simone Mantovani, Ramiro Marco Figuera, Vlad Merticariu, Dimitar Misev, Huu Bang Pham, Stephan Siemen, andJuliaWagemann MindtheGap:BigDatavs.InteroperabilityandReproducibility ofScience.......................................................................... 121 MaxCragliaandStefanoNativi Cyber-InfrastructureforData-IntensiveGeospatialComputing........... 143 RajasekarKarthik,AlexandreSorokine,DilipR.Patlolla,ChengLiu, ShwetaM.Gupte,andBudhendraL.Bhaduri vii viii Contents MachineLearningApplicationsforEarthObservation..................... 165 DavidJ.Lary,GebreabK.Zewdie,XunLiu,DajiWu,EstelleLevetin, RebeccaJ.Allee,NabinMalakar,AnnetteWalker,HamseMussa,Antonio Mannino,andDirkAurin NewGenerationPlatformsforExplorationofCrowdsourced Geo-Data.......................................................................... 219 MariaAntoniaBrovelli,MarcoMinghini,andGiorgioZamboni PartIII UseCasesOpenScienceandInnovation MappingLandUseDynamicsUsingtheCollectivePower oftheCrowd...................................................................... 247 Christoph Aubrecht, Joachim Ungar, Dilek Ozceylan Aubrecht, SérgioFreire,andKlausSteinnocher TheEmergenceoftheGeoSharingEconomy................................. 255 UrsulaBenzandManfredKrischke SustainableAgricultureandSmartFarming................................. 261 HeikeBachandWolframMauser EarthObservationDataforEnterpriseBusinessApplications............. 271 HinnerkGildhoff DevelopmentofanEarthObservationCloudPlatforminSupport toWaterResourcesMonitoring ................................................ 275 Andreea Bucur, Wolfgang Wagner, Stefano Elefante, Vahid Naeimi, andChristianBriese PuttingBigDataInnovationintoActionforDevelopment.................. 285 TrevorMonroe,StephanieDebere,KwawuMensaGaba,DavidNewhouse, andTalipKillic MappingFloodsandAssessingFloodVulnerabilityforDisaster Decision-Making:ACaseStudyRemoteSensingApplication inSenegal ......................................................................... 293 Bessie Schwarz, Gabriel Pestre, Beth Tellman, Jonathan Sullivan, CatherineKuhn,RichaMahtta,BhartenduPandey,andLauraHammett Earth Observation and Geospatial Implementation: Fueling InnovationinaChangingWorld............................................... 301 SudhirRajShrestha,MatthewTisdale,SteveKopp,andBrettRose ArtificialIntelligenceandEarthObservationtoExploreWater QualityintheWaddenSea...................................................... 311 LuigiCeccaroni,FilipVelickovski,MeinteBlaas,MarcelR.Wernand, AnoukBlauw,andLaiaSubirats Index............................................................................... 321 Part I Join the Geo Revolution