BSGF- Earth Sciences Bulletin 2018, 189,8 ©G.Godard, Published byEDP Sciences 2018 https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2018007 Available online at: www.bsgf.fr – Early texts on the Cenozoic fossils of Aquitaine (1622 1767) and pioneering debates on the organic origin of fossils, the superpositioning of strata and the mobility of the seas Gaston Godard* Université Paris-Diderot, IPGP,UMR7154CNRS, 1 rueJussieu, Paris 75238,France Received: 5January 2018/ Accepted:17April 2018 Abstract – Several unpublished or little known writings from the 17th–18th centuries deal with the Bordeauxregion’s“figuredstones”,whichareactuallyMiocenefossils.TheoldestworkisabookbyPierre de L’Ancre (1622), where the author describes the shelly sediments of Sainte-Croix-du-Mont and relates Louis XIII’s visit there in October 1620. De L’Ancre is unsure as to the origin ofthe fossil shells, which couldbeascribedtoconsolidationofthehostsedimentsduringlengthyagesafterawithdrawalofthesea, transport from the Ocean by the Flood or in-situ development through «esbatement de la nature» (i.e., a freakofnature).Histextisremarkableforitsdescriptionofthelayers,whichtheauthornames«estages» (i.e.,stages)anddescribesfromthebottomup,suggestingthathegraspedtheprincipleofsuperpositionlater developedbySteno(1669).Alatermanuscript,keptattheArsenalLibraryinParis,waswrittenbetween 1631and1673byanunknownauthor:entitledReflectionssommairessurquelquespierresdelaTerrede Sales. It deals with the origin of the fossils in the shelly sands of Salles, south of Bordeaux. The author prefersthehypothesisofin-situ developmentinsoilratherthananorganicmarineorigin,thusremaining faithful to the “freaks of nature” thesis frequently accepted at the time. In the 18th century, the Bordeaux Academy discussed the origin of these fossils. In 1718, Father Jules Bellet and Isaac Sarrau de Boynet studiedtheshellsofSainte-Croix-du-Mont;theysuggestedanorganicorigininviewofthescarleftbythe adductor muscle on the shells and the effervescence of the latter in vinegar. Sarrau de Boynet, however, refused to admit that the sea had reached this village and adopted the extravagant thesis of an anthropic accumulation of oysters, which Montesquieu approved only reluctantly. From 1745 on, Jacques-François Bordad’OrobeganthestudyofEocenesitesandfossilsintheDaxregion;theobservationofLithophaga, incompatible with a transport by the Flood, reinforced him in his conviction of a marine origin. Nicolas Desmarest observed fossils in 1761, in particular near Saint-Émilion, and was convinced of their marine origin.In1743and1745,theBordeauxAcademyorganizedessaycompetitionsontheoriginofthe“figured stones”.Thecandidateswereinfavouroftheorganicorigin,butignoredtheshellysedimentsoftheregion. One of these candidates, Pierre Barrère, surprisingly states the principle of uniformitarianism as early as 1745.Thesewritings,amongthefirstdevotedtothegeologyoftheAquitaineBasin,illustratethatcertain basicelementsofmodernpalaeontologyandstratigraphywerealreadygraspedinthe17thand18thcenturies. Keywords:historyofgeology/principleofsuperposition/uniformitarianism/originoffossils/Miocene/Aquitaine (France) Résumé – Premiers écrits sur les fossiles cénozoïques d’Aquitaine (1622–1767) et débats précurseurs sur l’origine organique des fossiles, la superposition des strates et la mobilité des mers.Plusieurs écrits des 17e ou 18e siècles, inédits ou peu connus, traitent des «pierres figurées» de la région bordelaise–en réalité, des fossiles miocènes. Le plus ancien est un mémoire inclus dans les Advertissemensd’unlivredePierredeL’Ancre(1622),oùl’auteurdécritlegisementdefalunsdeSainte- Croix-du-Montetrelatelavisitequ’yfitLouisXIIIenoctobre1620.DeL’Ancres’interrogesurl’origine descoquillesetdessédiments,hésitantentreunancienséjourdelamersuivid’uneconsolidation«parde longs siècles», un transport par le Déluge depuis l’Océan et une formation in-situ par «esbatement de la nature». Son texte est par ailleurs remarquable par la description des couches, que l’auteur nomme *Corresponding author: [email protected] ThisisanOpenAccessarticledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0),whichpermits unrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited. G.Godard: BSGF2018, 189,8 «estages»etdécritdebasenhaut,cequisuggèrequ’ilpercevaitleprincipedesuperpositionqueSténon (1669)n’avaitpasencoreénoncé.Unmanuscritplustardif,conservéàlaBibliothèquedel’ArsenalàParis, futrédigéentre1631et1673parunauteurinconnu.IntituléReflectionssommairessurquelquespierresdela Terre de Sales, il traite de l’origine des faluns de Salles, au sud de Bordeaux. L’auteur y privilégie l’hypothèse d’unegénération in-situdans lesolplutôt qu’uneorigineorganique marine,etdemeureainsi fidèleàl’hypothèsedes«jeuxdelanature»encoremajoritairementadmise.Au18esiècle,l’Académiede Bordeaux s’empare du débat sur l’origine de ces fossiles. En 1718, l’abbé Jules Bellet et Isaac Sarrau de BoynetétudientlesfalunsdeSainte-Croix-du-Montetserangentàuneorigineorganique,démontréeselon Boynetparl’empreintelaisséeparlemuscleadducteursurlescoquillesetparl’effervescencedecelles-ciau vinaigre.SarraudeBoynetserefusetoutefoisàadmettrequelameraitpuatteindrecelieuetadoptelathèse extravaganted’unamoncellementanthropiqued’huîtres,queMontesquieun’approuvequ’avecréticence.À partir de 1745, Jacques-François Borda d’Oro entreprend l’étude des terrains et fossiles (éocènes) de la régiondeDax;l’observationdelithophages,incompatiblesavecunapportparleDéluge,leconfortedanssa conviction d’une origine marine. Nicolas Desmarest, qui a observé des fossiles lors de deux voyages entrepris en 1761 en Guyenne, notamment dans les environs de Saint-Émilion, puis en Périgord et en Gascogne,nedoutepasdeleuroriginemarine.En1743puis1745,l’AcadémiedeBordeauxorganisedes concours de dissertation sur l’origine des pierres figurées. Les candidats se prononcent pour l’origine organique,maisméconnaissentlesfalunsdelarégionets’entiennentàdesgénéralités.L’und’eux,Pierre Barrère,noussurprendenénonçantleprinciped’uniformitarismedès1745.Cesécrits,parmilespremiers consacrésàlagéologieduBassinaquitain,illustrentquecertainsconceptsdebasedelapaléontologieetde la stratigraphie modernes étaient déjà perçus aux 17e et 18e siècles. Mots clés :histoire de la géologie / principe de superposition / uniformitarisme / origine des fossiles / Miocène / Bassinaquitain Inthe17thcenturythethesisoftheorganicoriginoffossils, dedicated, had visited the oyster deposit at his house of then called “figured stones”, was still unable to convincingly Loubenstwoyearsearlier.Althoughverydisappointedtohave explaintheirpuzzlingpresenceinplacesdistantfromthesea. been away at the time, Pierre de L’Ancre was obsequious AnumberofscholarslivinginBordeaux(France),confronted enoughtoputondisplaya“PrayerfortheKing”intheNotre- with the extraordinary abundance of fossils in the Miocene Dame’schapelatLoubens(Communay,1890,p.34–35)(see faluns (i.e., shelly sediments) of Sainte-Croix-du-Mont and Fig. 3). Salles, in Guyenne, debated this question. We here present In twenty-five pages interspersed with many digressions, several unpublishedorlittle knownmemoirsontheGuyenne the author describes the shelly sediments–now known to be fossiliferousfaluns,suchasthoseofPierredeL’Ancre(1622), Miocene–that crop out on the hillside of Sainte-Croix-du- variousmembersoftheBordeauxAcademy(1718–1767)and Mont, located on the right bank of the Garonne, 40km NicolasDesmarest(1761),beforetracingtheevolutionofthe southeastofBordeaux(L’Ancre,1622,p.17–42ofAdvertisse- ideas they reveal. mens).TherePierredeL’AncreownedtheestateofLoubens, comprising a troglodyte chapel dug in the famous level of fossil oysters (Fig. 3). He describes «huistres [oysters...], 1 Pierre de L’Ancre teaches Louis XIII a coquillages [shells...], langues de serpent [Glossopetrae, i.e. lesson on geology (1622) shark teeth: Fig. 4], & limaçons à plusieurs retortillons [gastropods]». He recounts the visit that Louis XIII and his PierredeRosteguydeL’Ancre(1553–1631),acounsellor brotherGastond’Orléansmadetothisdepositontheirwayto at the Parliament of Bordeaux, is known for his books on Béarn at the beginning of October 1620. demonology(L’Ancre,1612,1617,1622,1627)andforhaving Pierre de L’Ancre wonders about the origin of these persecuted and sent the alleged witches of Labourd (Basque oysters. He is undecided between a transport by the biblical Country)tothestake(e.g.,Communay,1890;Français,1910, Flood and an in-situ generation through a freak of nature p.150–159).Inordertoconvincethescepticsofthemeritsof («esbatement de la nature»), while also considering that his policy of terror against witches, in 1622 he published marine sediments which emerged through movements of the L’incredulité et mescreance du sortilege plainement con- seacouldhaveconsolidatedoverlengthyages(«pardelongs uaincue, a book that has become very rare today (L’Ancre, siecles»,p.35).Hewrites:“wesee[...]theseaswhicharein 1622;seeClimens,1884)(Fig.1;cf.AppendixA1).Withthe perpetual agitation, some withdrawing, others flooding, and exceptionoftheprofessorofagricultureAugustePetit-Lafitte the shape of innumerable sites undergoing change” («nous (1846,1867),naturalistsandgeologistshavepaidnoattention voyonstouslesiourscroistrelesMontagnes&Rochers,&les to this book, although its Advertissemens contain one of the lieuxfossoyez&creusezseremplird’euxmesmes,&d’autres earliest–ifnotthefirst–geologicalmemoirsontheAquitaine, se diminuer & changer: Et les Mers qui sont en perpetuelle devotedtothefamousfossiloysterdepositofSainte-Croix-du- agitation, les vnes se reculer, les autres inonder; & la face Mont(Fig.2).Althoughthistopicwastotallyextraneoustothe d’vne infinité de lieux se diuersifier», p. 35). He cites many subjectmatterofthebook,theauthoraddresseditjustbecause ancient writers, more to display his Classical culture than to he was proud that King Louis XIII, to whom the book is enlightenthedebate,andreportsonobservationsmadewhile Page2 of12 G.Godard: BSGF2018, 189,8 secondestageallantàmont,estd’vnCoquillageenforme de petits limassons entortillez, que Tertullien appelle Buccinae»). These small “twisted” gastropods could be Potamides,veryabundantinsandyclaysoftheAquitanian (Lower Miocene), which pass to sandstones rich in numerousinternalmouldsoflamellibranchsandespecially of gastropods (Potamides). Pierre de L’Ancre probably observedthisfaciesalongthepathbelowtheLoubenscliff (e.g.,44°35'25.1"N;0°16'40.5"W;1inFig.2).Thispath isedgedwithspringsformedinrelationtotheunderlying clay levels (e.g., 44° 35' 26.9" N; 0° 16' 45.8" W; 2 in Fig. 2). De L’Ancre recalls that Louis XIII walked along this“alleyoffountains”,where“thereisstillanotherkind ofsmallershellsthatdiffercompletely”fromtheoystersof the highest levels; – “Above,thereisanotherlayerofhardstone:andafterwards thereisagreatcliff”(«Audessusilyaencorevnecouche de Pierre dure: & apres se trouue une grande leuée»). Upslopethereisafifteenmetre-thickcliffwithmetre-sized strataofcross-beddedcalcareoussandstone(Fig.5b;e.g., 44°35'30.7"N;0°16'51.3"W;3and4inFig.2)thatisrich in Ostrea and contains Scutella bonali and Amphiope ovalifera of the Burdigalian (Lower Miocene); – then comes “a third stage of other piled up oysters” («vn troisiesme estage d’autres Huistres amoncellées») repre- senting the famous oyster bed of the Burdigalian (Lower Miocene), which is very rich in Ostrea aquitanica Mayer andcanreach4metersinthickness(Fig.5a;e.g.,5and6in Fig. 2). Some cellars and caves under the church and the castle of Sainte-Croix-du-Mont were dug in this level, as well as the troglodyte chapel visited by Louis XIII at Loubens(Fig.3;ca.44°35'27.5"N;0°16'45.4"W;near2 in Fig. 2); Fig. 1. Title page of L’incredulité et mescreance du sortilège...by – “And still above, almost at the top of the rough boulders, PierredeL’Ancre (1622). [...] there are big oyster shells attached” («Et encores au ©BibliothèquenationaledeFrance(BNF);http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/ dessus & presque au sommet des pieces de Rocher 12148/bpt6k763251; seeAppendix A1. scabreuses, [...] il y a de grandes Escailles [d’huistres] attachées»). The roof of the caves is indeed made of a touringItalybetween1574and1579,duringwhichhevisited hardened layer inlaid with oysters and crowning the cliff. Calabria,Naples,Florence,RavennaandVenice.Afterlengthy discussion and numerous caveats, he still comes to no definitive conclusion. 2 The “summary reflections” on the stones Thetextismainlyworthyofnoteforthepassage(p.40)in which the author describes the sequence of layers: he of Salles (circa 1650) enumerates them from bottom to top and names them «estages»(i.e.,stages).Thiskindofgeologicalcross-section The secondtext,morerecentbutactuallymorearchaicin was surveyed at Loubens, where an embankment some 25 terms of ideas, is an unpublished manuscript entitled metres high is crowned by the famous fossil oyster level and Reflections sommaires sur quelques pierres de la Terre de extends north-westwards as far as Sainte-Croix-du-Mont (up Sales. This document, stored in the Philibert de La Mare’s to6 inFig.2).De L’Ancre’sdescription is precise enoughto collection atthe Arsenal Libraryin Paris(seeAppendix A2), assign these “stages” to the various formations described by describestheNeogeneformationsandMiocenefossilsaround modern geologists (e.g., Alvinerie and Dubreuilh, 1978): Salles,some45kmsouthwestofBordeauxand50kmwestof – “ThebaseandfootoftheRockisofhardstone”(«Labase Sainte-Croix-du-Mont. & pied du Rocher est de pierre dure & nettesans autre The manuscript is anonymous and undated, but it was meslange»). This could be a fluvio-lacustrine limestone likely written between 1631 and 1673, since it mentions withtracesofPlanorbisascribedtotheUpperOligocene. Arnaud de Pontac as president of the Bordeaux Parliament Below this “rock”, the Oligocene is represented by marls (Pontac was appointed president à mortier in 1631 and First and clays, resulting in a more gentle topography with presidentfrom1653to1673:LeMao,2007).InPhilibertdeLa meadows and vines; Mare’scollection, the Reflections sommaires arepreceded by – “Thesecondstagegoinguphill,isofashellintheformof anothermanuscriptdealingwiththefossilsoftheMontagnede smalltwistedsnails,whichTertulliancallsBuccinae”(«Le Rheims (Champagne) that was written by the Jesuit Jacques Page3 of12 G.Godard: BSGF2018, 189,8 Fig. 2.Map ofSainte-Croix-du-Mont. Cadastral plan anddigital elevation model fromInstitut géographique national (©IGN). Fig.3.TroglodyteChapelofLoubens,visitedbyLouisXIIIin1620. The chapel was dug in the Burdigalian oyster level, the base of whichisabout40cmabovegroundlevel;postcardoftheearly20th century.The“PrayerfortheKing”(i.e.,LouisXIII)hasapparently beenremoved. Fig.4. Glossopetrae according to Steno (Steensen,1667). Steno demonstrated that the Glossopetrae are in fact fossil shark teeth. Vignierinaround1655(Godard,2014,2017).Althoughthese twomanuscriptsbelongtothesameportfolio,thedifferences in style and scientific ideas indicate that they are not by the The author of the manuscript describes the fossiliferous same author. We do not know how these manuscripts were sandstones that crop out in the Eyre Valley, near Salles acquiredbythebibliophileandhistorianPhilibertdeLaMare (Guyenne,nowinGironde),underthePleistocenecoverofthe (1615–1687), who was a counsellor at the Burgundy LandesdeGascogne.Whatimpressedhim,asnodoubtmany Parliament in Dijon. His collection was acquired by the observers before him, were the Serravalian shelly sandstones French Royal Library under the Regent Philippe d’Orléans, (MiddleMiocene) ofthebanks oftheEyre (Fig.5c;e.g., 44° and was later transferred to the Arsenal Library in Paris 32' 57" N; 0° 52' 21" W), rich in abundant and varied fossil (Muteau and Garnier, 1858–1860, vol. 2, p. 21). fauna(Platel,1992).Thedescriptionhegives,however,isvery Page4 of12 G.Godard: BSGF2018, 189,8 Fig. 5.Photographs ofthe fossiliferous sediments. a:BurdigalianoysterlevelatSainte-Croix-du-Mont(6inFig.2);b:cliffmadeupofcross-beddedcalcareoussandstoneatSainte-Croix-du- Mont(4 in Fig.2);c: fossiliferous sandstoneat Salles(S : N18°W27°). 0 poor. Among the fossils reported, there are cone-shaped 17th century. He names minerals and plants which, like the “snails” (gastropods), “shells” (lamellibranchs) and “tongues fossils,formspontaneouslyandtakesingularformsinorderto ofserpents”(Glossopetrae),whichtheauthordoesnotidentify be imbued with certain specific (alleged) properties. It is no assharkteeth,unlikehiscontemporariesColonna(1616)and coincidencethatthe“tonguesofserpents”foundinthesoil–in Steno (Steensen, 1667) (Fig. 4). He also very succinctly actual fact fossilized shark teeth (Fig. 4)–are shaped like describestherocksoftheregion,mentioningsomewhitemarl tongues: reduced to a powder, they are used in gargles for («pierres [...] blanches et molles»), reddish sand («sable treating tongue diseases. rougeastre»), iron-rich stone («pierre mine de fer») and «alios», a sandstone typical of the Landes de Gascogne 3 The works of the Bordeaux Academy containing a cement rich in iron hydroxide. The anonymous author focuses especially on explaining (1718–1767) the presence of marine fossils in an area so far from the sea–Sallesislocated30kmfromtheOcean.Heconsiderstwo Atthebeginningofthe18thcentury,theAcadémieroyale contrasting hypotheses: desbelles-lettres,sciencesetartsdeBordeauxbegantodebate – atransportoftheshellsbythebiblicalFlood.Accordingto theoriginoftheSainte-Croix-du-Montoystershells(seealso theauthor,“itisagainstalllikelihood”that“atthetimeof Courteault, 1909). A memoir on this deposit, sent by Jules Noah the swelling Ocean pushed these shells onto this Bellet, priest at Cadillac and founding member of the land”(que«autempsdeNoë[...]l’oceansedesbordantayt Academy, was read during the session of May 8, 1718 poussé ces coquilles jusques dans cette terre[...]c’est (AppendixA3.1).FatherBellethasnodoubtthatitconsistsof choquerlavraysemblance»).Hehasthreeobjectionstothe “marine oyster shells” and cites ancient and modern authors Flood, formulated with more or less clarity: (i) he doubts who have reported the presence of such shells inland; he is “that these shells could have been preserved for so many convinced that the sea was once present in the area and “left centuries” after the Flood; (ii) he objects that “we [theshells]hereduringitswithdrawal”.Basedontheancient sometimes only observe the imprint of their figure”; (iii) texts,hestatesthatinRomantimestheshorewasclosetothe hadtheybeencarriedby“theuniversalFlood”,theseshells presentone,andthatconsequentlytheseaatSainte-Croix-du- wouldbeequallyabundantbetweenSallesandtheOcean. MontdatesbacktotheFlood,whichhebelievesoccurred4115 Indeed,theMiocenesandsandsandstonesofSallesappear years ago–the author covered the margins of his manuscript tobeveryfossiliferous,whereasthePleistocenesandsand with numbers relating to this calculation. In the rest of the gravelslocatedfartherwesttowardstheOceanarealmost memoir,FatherBelletbrieflydescribessomeoutcrops,recalls azoic; thevisitofLouisXIIItoLoubensandtranscribesthe“Prayer – the second hypothesis, known as the “freaks of nature”, for the King” that Pierre de L’Ancre composed for the deniestheorganicoriginoffossils,whichareconsideredto occasion. form spontaneously in-situ in the mass of rocks. The Bellet’sreportexcitedthecuriosityoftheAcademy.Anote author,imbuedwithAristotelianphilosophy,giveshisown on the margins of his manuscript indicates that an excerpt of version: these seashells “are formed from moisture in the thememoirwassenttotheRegentPhilipped’Orléans,together soil through the influence of certain stars” («se forment withamapdrawnupbyBarrelierdeBitry,chiefengineeratthe d’une humidité de la terre exhausté par les influances de Bordeaux fortress of Château-Trompette. This map, entitled certains astres»). In his view, earth, one of the four Vüe de la Coste de Ste Croix du mont, is now stored at the classical elements of Empedocles and Aristotle, can Bibliothèquedel’InstitutinParis(Fig.6;AppendixA3.5),but generate these shells if it is moist rather than dry. there is no trace of the associated memoir. During the summer of 1718, several members of the The author also expounds beliefs inherited from the Academy travelled to Sainte-Croix-du-Mont, and on 25 medieval lapidaries and which are no longer relevant in the August,1718,IsaacSarraudeBoynetreadanewmanuscript Page5 of12 G.Godard: BSGF2018, 189,8 a prodigious quantity of oyster shells has been found within layersofsoftstoneabout4to5inchesthick.Insomepiecesof aboulderthatfellintotheDordogneRiver,oneseespetrified scallops and sometimes imprints of other shells” (see AppendixA4.1fortheoriginaltext).TheNougarèdedeposit, locatedatFleixontherightbankoftheDordogne(ca.44°51'5 9.5"N;0°14'20"E),isalsoknownasBois-du-Mignon.Itwas studied by Fallot (1887), who reported Ostrea longirostris in UpperLudianclays(LateEocene;likelyEarlyOligocene).“In the parish of Monfaucon, next to that of Fleix, at the place named Barbeyrole”, continues Jules Bellet, “a quarry of hard stone has been opened, where one cannot detach a stone without finding attached a horn of Ammon, together with petrifiedoystershellsthatstillhavetheirnacre.Wehavealso found petrified shells with their natural colours”. The rocks aroundBarbeyrolle(44°52'55"N;0°13'52"E)belongtothe Upper Eocene and Oligocene (Dubreuilh and Karnay, 1994), where it is indeed surprising to find “horns of Ammon” (i.e., ammonites), probably confused here with gastropods. Sarrau de Boynet presented Bellet’s findings to the Academy. In his report(AppendixA4.2),Boynetcomparestheseshellstothose of Sainte-Croix-du-Mont and favours an organic origin, an opinion shared by Father Bellet, who however naively attributesthe“hornsofAmmon”torealpetrifiedhorns(A4.1). AnothermemberoftheAcademy ofBordeaux, Godefroy deBaritault,wasespeciallyconcernedwithfossils:hereportedly mentioned the rich deposit of Saucats in 1738 and undertook amethodicalclassificationofshellsandfossilsfromtheLandes Fig. 6.«Vüedela Coste deSteCroix dumont» (1718). deGascogne(Courteault,1909),butwedidnotfindevidence Map and perspective view by Barrelier de Bitry (1718), 51.5 oftheseresearchesinthearchivesoftheAcademy. cm(cid:2)53.5cm at a scale of 9.4cm per 100 “toises” (ca. 1: 2100; 1 Jacques-François Borda d’Oro (1718–1804), lieutenant- toise ≈ 1.95m), with topographic profile (left) from the River general of the presidial of Dax in Gascony (southern Garonne (I) to Loubens (E); details of the cliff at Sainte-Croix-du- Aquitaine), was received corresponding member of the Mont (bottom left) and Loubens (bottom right) are shown Academy on April 4, 1745, then full member on August 27, (©Bibliothèque de l’Institut; see Appendix A3.5). The cliff is 1767(Coste,1908).Hebroughttogetheralargecollectionof represented from the castle (A) to its SE edge (H), with a mottled fossils and rocks of the Dax region (Desmarest et al., an patternindicatingtheoyster-richlevel(e.g.,betweenCandD).The III-1828,t.3,p.586;OdinandZubillaga,2005),towhichhe lettersrefertoamissingmemoir;A:castle;B:church;C:ravine(?); devoted important memoirs (Appendix A5.5) (Borda d’Oro, D, E, F: Loubens; "O": troglodyte chapel; K: access to “allée des 1879–1881). These manuscripts, which he tried (in vain) to pins",where LouisXIIIlanded in1620. publish (Borda [d’Oro], 1798), are now stored at the Société BordaofDaxandhaverecentlybeenstudiedbyOdin(2004, 2005). Borda d’Oro also sent several memoirs on the same onthesubjectbeforetheAcademy(AppendixA3.2andA3.3). region to the Bordeaux Academy (Appendix A5.1–A5.4). In Hedescribedtheoutcropsandthe“veinofshells”betweentwo oneofthem,writtenin1745(A5.1),hedescribesthe(Lutetian) “hardstonebeds”.Healsostudiedthefossilshells,notingtheir sediments of Sorde-l’Abbaye and Nousse, six leagues S of effervescence in vinegar and the scars left by the adductor Dax,thatcontainspiralfossilsintheformofsmall“lentils[...] muscle; from this he deduced that the fossils are similar to piercedwithsmallholes”(i.e.,Nummulites).Although“these currentmarineshells.Convincedoftheorganicorigin,Boynet bodiesaretotallyunknown”tohim,helikensthemto“marine hesitatesbetweentransportbytheFloodanddepositionbythe bodies” because they are associated with other shells, sea, which was difficult to imagine given the altitude of the including a sea urchin. In 1767, Borda d’Oro investigated area. Lastly, he suggests that for some (admittedly obscure) fortheAcademythe(Eocene)fossilsofMontfort-en-Chalosse, reason,themenofantiquitycouldhavetransportedtheoysters four leagues E of Dax. In this memoir (A5.2), he describes to their present position. This extravagant thesis reflects Lithophaga(«dails»)in “alayer ofwhite andchalky stone”. Boynet’sfrustrationwiththeincomprehensible.Montesquieu, Jean-Étienne Guettard of the French Académie des Sciences whopresidedoverthesession,expressedapparentsatisfaction: hadalreadydescribedLithophagaandMadreporafoundnear “Whenonecannotbesureofthetruth,”hedeclared,“itisgood DaxandsenttohimbyBordad’Oro(Guettard,1759,p.330– to have something that resembles it” (Appendix A3.4). 339þpl. I, Fig. 3–6 therein; see Coste, 1908). Borda d’Oro Father Jules Bellet continued to send to the Academy pointsupthatsuchmarinefossilscannothavebeentransported handwritten chronicles proudly entitled Voyages littéraires. bytheFlood,whichreinforceshisconvictionofamarineorigin. Thatof1736,devoted totheregion ofSainte-Foy-la-Grande, Inthemiddleofthe18thcentury,theAcademyofBordeaux reportsthat“intheparishofFleix,onthehillsideofNogarède, launched two essay competitions (see Courteault, 1909): the Page6 of12 G.Godard: BSGF2018, 189,8 first, in 1743, on the “Origin and formation of figured stones ment de la nature», ascribes the origin of fossils to which, internally as well as externally, have a regular and spontaneous generation from the rock mass; the second determined figure”; the second, in 1745, on the “Figured hypothesis, that of an organic origin, clashes with the stones”.NoneofthememoirssenttotheAcademymentionthe remoteness of the sea and therefore requires (it is believed) fossilsofGuyenneorGascony(AppendixA6).Thepostulants transport of the shells. Pierre de L’Ancre (1622), like the unanimously embrace the notion of an organic origin, but entourageofLouisXIII(accordingtohisreports),isundecided remain somewhat theoretical. betweenthetwotheses.AlthoughtheauthoroftheReflections sommaires (ca. 1650; Section 2) and contemporaries such as 4 The spirit of the Encyclopaedists Gaffarel(1629)continuetodwellonthethesisofthe“freaksof nature”,thoseinfavourofanorganicorigingraduallybecome Dezallier d’Argenville, one of the major contributors to themajority.Fracastoro,Alessandri,PalissyandCesalpinoin Diderot’s Encyclopédie, briefly evokes the fossils of Sainte- the 16th century, and then Colonna, Peiresc, Vignier, Menestrier and Gassend in the 17th century, do not doubt Croix-du-Mont in his Enumerationis fossilium (Dezallier d’Argenville,1751,p.53):“InaplacecalledSainteCroixdu theorganicoriginoffossils(e.g.,Rudwick,1972;Ellenberger, 1988; Godard, 2005, 2017). However, these authors do not Mont, in front of the castle gates [i.e., between 6 and 4 in alwaysembracetheboldhypothesisofthepresenceofthesea Fig.2],alargeoratorywasdugintoacliffofoysters;thevault andpillarssupportingitareconstructedofthesamematerial” inland: Bernard Palissy (1580) makes shells live in “recep- tacles” of fresh water (cf. Ellenberger, 1988, p. 137–146; («inlocodictoSatte[sic]CroixduMont,exadversoportarum Plaziat, 2011) and Pierre Gassend (1658) in underground Castelli, facellum magnum in monticulo Ostreis composito cavitiesfilledwithwater.Mostsupportersoftheorganicorigin incisumest:testudo&columnae,quaeeamsustentant,eâdem suggest the Flood transported shells from the sea. Some were materiâ constructae sunt»). staunch diluvianists, whereas others have been qualified as Nicolas Desmarest, then working for the Bordeaux “soft”or“hesitant”diluvianists(e.g.,Ellenberger,1988)because Intendant, wrote in 1761 a travel journal of two trips from they were convinced of the marine origin of the fossils, and BordeauxtoPérigueuxandfromBordeauxtoAgen(Appendix consideredtheFloodaconvenientartificeacceptedbyalloreven A7.1)(seeTaylor,1969,1997).Inthismanuscript,Desmarest aconcessiontotheprevailingopinionofthetime. describes the (Cenozoic) sediments of these regions. He occ- In the early 17th century, some proponents of the organic asionallymentionsfossilshellsand«madrepores»,towhichhe originhadtheaudacitytoinvokesea-levelfluctuations.Thisis clearlygivesamarineorigin.Inparticular,hegivesdetailsonthe silicifiedfossilsofChanceladenearAngouleme(A7.1,p.306– the case of Claude Menestrier in around 1635 to explain the fossils of Monte Mario, near Rome, and of Peiresc, who 316), and on the shelly sediments of Saint-Émilion (A7.1, p.112–119),withtheir“madrepores”,shells,seaurchins,etc., suggestedthatverticalgroundmovementsexhumedthefossils andwhereheobservedcrisscrossstratification(«deslitsquine ofProvenceand submerged theamber of theBaltic (Godard, sontpointhorizontauxmaisquifontunesuited’anglescontenus 2005). In this respect, Pierre de L’Ancre is quite innovative, since in 1622 he envisions sea mobility operating over “long lesunsdanslesautres»).Later,Desmarestreproducedsomeof centuries”insteadofatransportbytheFlood(L’Ancre,1622, these observations in his Encyclopédie méthodique (see p. 35) (see Section 1), suggesting a dynamic evolution of the Appendix A7.2), devoted to physical geography and geology Earth:“weseethemountainsandtherocksgrowingeveryday, (Desmarestetal.,anIII-1828;seeLaboulais-Lesage,2006). The authors of the second half of the 18th century had no and the depressions fill up (with sediments) by themselves”. With the contributions of Steno (Steensen, 1667), doubt about the marine origin of fossils, explaining their Woodward (1695) and Scheuchzer (1708), the thesis of an presence in Aquitaine by some incursions of the Atlantic organic origin prevailed at the turn of the 18th century. Ocean.However,thesystematicstudyoftheshellysandsand sandstones(called“faluns”)ofAquitainewouldbeginlater,in However, most of the authors still believe in a transport and depositbytheFlood(e.g.,Gaudant,2008).Thisisalsothecase the 1830s with the start of modern geology, and in particular inAquitaine,whereFatherBelletandIsaacSarraudeBoynet, with the detailed work of Jean-Pierre Sylvestre de Grateloup secretaryoftheBordeauxAcademy,donotdoubttheorganic (Lesport et al., 2012). originoftheshells ofSainte-Croix-du-Mont. In1718,Sarrau usesthescarleftbytheadductormuscleontheinnersideofthe 5 A laboratory of ideas for the progress of shells to demonstrate this origin, an argument subsequently geology used a few decades later by Jean-Étienne Guettard (1759) to demonstrate the organic origin of Eocene fossils in the Paris The above writings echo some debates and pioneering Basin. Whereas Bellet is a staunch diluvianist, Sarrau de ideasontheoriginoffossils,thesuperpositioningofstrataand Boynet resorts to an improbable anthropogenic origin. the geological ages, which we present in this section. Inthecourseofthe18thcentury,theFloodhypothesiswas progressively dismissed. In 1767, Jacques François Borda 5.1 The origin of fossils: transport by the Flood, freak d’Oro fully supported the deposition by the sea of (Eocene) of nature or mobility of the seas? fossiliferous sediments near Dax in Gascony, after having observed traces of Lithophaga, incompatible with a transport In the 16th and 17th centuries, there were two main bytheFlood.In1761,NicolasDesmarestdidnotdoubtofthe opposingthesesfortheoriginoffossils(e.g.,Rudwick,1972; marine origin of the Aquitaine fossils, which he observed Ellenberger,1988).Thethesisofthe“freakofnature”orlusus notably around Saint-Émilion (Appendix A7.1), describing naturae,whichPierredeL’Ancrebeautifullynames«esbate- them as “marine organisms” («corps marins»). Later, in his Page7 of12 G.Godard: BSGF2018, 189,8 Encyclopédie méthodique, he dismissed any geological second,asmanyweredisposedtothinkthatgeologicalagents implication of the biblical Flood (Desmarest et al., an III- might in the past have acted with high intensities rather than 1828, vol. 3, article “Déluge”, p. 606–615). The concept of slowrates.Thehistoriansofgeologyusuallydistinguishsuch marine transgression will eventually replace the Flood at the anactualisticapproachfromuniformitarianisminastrictsense birth of modern geology in the early 19th century. (e.g., Hooykaas, 1963; Rudwick, 1972, chap. 4). Were Barrère’s ideas truly uniformitarian or simply actualistic? Heclaimed inhis1745manuscript thatthegeological agents 5.2 Principle of superposition operateduringlongspansoftime(«pendantunelonguesuite de siècles», p. 6; see A6.1 [iv]). However, like Pierre de IndescribingtherocksandfossilsshowntoLouisXIIIat L’Ancre some 120 years before, he did not amplify these Loubens(Section1),PierredeL’Ancre(1622)usestheword interestingideas;hejustaddressedthemallusivelyinhis1746 «estage»(i.e.,stage),wellbeforeitcametobeusedbyAlcide book(Barrère, 1746), which Buffon nevertheless praised and d’Orbigny (1840–1867) to designate a chronostratigraphic quoted (Buffon, 1749, p. 596–599). division. Pierre de L’Ancre enumerates these stages from bottom to top, whereas Louis XIII and his entourage walked throughthemfromtoptobottom,suggestingthatdeL’Ancre 6 Conclusions grasped the principle of superposition and the chronological sequencing of the layers even before Nicolas Steno formally The 17th and 18th century memoirs on the fossils of statedthemin1669(Steensen,1669).Unfortunately,Pierrede Guyenne and Gascony (Aquitaine Basin, France), especially L’Ancre did not develop these basic concepts of modern thoseofSainte-Croix-du-Mont,echothedebatesofthetimeon stratigraphy,preferringtosatisfyhisnauseousobsessionwith the origin of “figured stones”–what we call fossils. The witchcraft and witches. authors were undecided between an organic origin with transportoftheshellsbythebiblicalFloodandanin-situorigin resulting from an «esbatement de la nature» (a freak of 5.3 Chronology and principle of uniformity nature). However, a few authors endorsed original ideas and novel concepts. The most remarkable author is Pierre de Many 17th and 18th century scholars adopted a short L’Ancre,whosetext(L’Ancre,1622),althoughmarredbyhis chronologyconstrainedbytheirbeliefintheFlood.Thiswas untimely digressions, envisages that seas are mobile and that alsothecaseinAquitaine.In1718,FatherBelletcoveredthe sediment consolidation took place over “lengthy ages” after margins of his manuscript on Sainte-Croix-du-Mont with sea withdrawal; he also describes the superimposition of calculations on the biblical chronology. Sarrau de Boynet layers,whichhecalls“stages”(«estages»),suggestingthathe attributes the same deposit to the “most remote antiquity”, grasped the principle of superposition even before Steno having dismissed the Flood in favour of an anthropogenic (Steensen,1669).In1718,IsaacSarraudeBoynet,secretaryof origin. The boldest thesis is once again that of Pierre de the Bordeaux Academy, demonstrated the organic origin of L’Ancre(1622,p.35,39),whoenvisionsthein-situdeposition fossiloystershellsonthebasisofthescarleftbytheadductor ofmarinesedimentsconsolidatedoverprolongedagesafterthe muscle. In 1767, Borda d’Oro agreed with the deposition by retreatofthesea.Thefactthathedoesnotrelystubbornlyon theseaoffossilsfromtheDaxregioninGasconyafterhaving the Bible is unexpected for a judge who condemned many observed traces of Lithophaga. In 1761, Nicolas Desmarest people to the stake for heresy and witchcraft. was also convinced of the marine origin of the fossils of Amongthecontributionstotheessaycontestsof1743and northern Aquitaine. 1745attheBordeauxAcademy,fourcanbeattributedtoPierre These writings on Aquitaine show us that the history of Barrère, since theycontain elements published by this author geologyismoreprofusethanitmightbethought.Besideswell- (Barrère, 1746) (see details in Appendix A6.1). The first and known persons, like Palissy, Steno, Woodward, Buffon, fourth memoirs are two versions of the same unpublished Hutton, Lyell and others, there were a number of humble manuscript, written in 1743 and revised in 1745. Barrère scholars, whose contributions remained unpublished and develops a cyclical evolution of the Earth, which prefigures unknown. After having languished in the shadows for Hutton’sideas:theseasarefilledwithsedimentsandbecome centuries, their writings, which have been brought to light mountainsundertheeffectofearthquakesandvolcanism,and by the modern means of digitization, cataloguing and mountains are in turn eroded and then invaded by seas. diffusion, can now be considered. This appears strikingly Moreover, in the 1745 version the author introduces several forAquitaine.Veryfewbooksweredevotedtothegeologyof formulations of actualism (p. 6, 17, 18; see A6.1 [iv]): e.g., theAquitaineBasinbeforethe19thcentury:onecanonlycitea “Thecausehavingactedinpastages,asitactsinthepresent, fewlinesontheSaintongebyBernardPalissy(1580),memoirs andasitwillactinfuture,theeffectmusthavebeeninthepast on mines (Puy, 1601; Gobet, 1779), some indications by as it will be in the future” (p. 17). Dezallierd’Argenville(1751)andNicolasDesmarest’sstudies The principle of uniformity is attributed to Lyell (1830– (Desmarestetal.,anIII-1828)...Ontheotherhand,thereisa 1833), who had nevertheless been preceded by several profusionofmanuscripts(seeAppendix),whichgiveusanew pioneers, including Steno (Steensen, 1669), Buffon (1749), vision of this history. Desmarest, Hutton... Uniformitarian thinking involves two distinguishableelements:(a)thegeologicalagentsoperatingin Acknowledgements. The author sincerely thanks Jean-Claude thepast werethesameasat present, and(b)theyoperated at Piaziat and Kenneth L. Taylor for their constructive reviews, slowratesduringlongspansoftime.Earlygeologistsaccepted Arabella Palladino for the revision of the English style, and the first element far more readily than they agreed to the Catherine Crônier for her editorial handling. Page8 of12 G.Godard: BSGF2018, 189,8 References Gaudant J. 2008. Les fossiles témoins du déluge; Johann Jakob Scheuchzer; (présenté par) Jean Gaudant; deux traductions (du latin)deGeneviève Bouillet. Paris:Mines Paris-tech, 163p. Alvinerie J, Dubreuilh J. 1978. Carte géologique de la France GobetN.1779.Mémoiresurlesdifférentesespècesdeminesquiont (1/50000), feuille Langon (852). Orléans: BRGM, carte en été & sont encore exploitées en Gascogne. In: Gobet N, ed. Les couleurs, 60(cid:2)90 cmþnotice explicative par J. Alvinerie, anciens minéralogistes du royaume de France: avec des notes. J. Dubreuilh,B. Moussié,L. 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SteensenN.1669.NicolaiStenonisdeSolidointrasolidumnaturaliter A3.4 Résomption de la dissertation de M. de Sarrau sur les contentodissertationisprodromus[..].Florentiae:extyp.subsigno coquillages de Ste Croix du Mont, par Montesquieu; AB, Stellae, in(cid:3)4°, (2),78, (1)p.,(1)f.depl.dépl. BMB, ms 828/006 (n°7), 1 p. (*=Ms828_006_007_004). Taylor KL. 1969. Nicolas Desmarest and geology in the eighteenth century. In: Schneer CJ, ed. Toward a history of geology. Cambridge, Mass., London: M.I.T.Press,pp. 339–356. A3.5 Vüe de la Coste de Ste Croix du mont, Bibliothèque de TaylorKL.1997.Lagenèsed’unnaturaliste:Desmarest,lalectureet l’Institut,Paris,ms2721/51,planencouleursde51,5cm(cid:2)53,5cm lanature.In:GohauG,ed.Delagéologieàsonhistoire,ouvrage à l’échelle de 9,4cm pour 100 toises (ca. 1:2100), avec profil édité en l’honneurde François Ellenberger. Paris: C.T.H.S., pp. topographiquedelaGaronneàLoubens(Fig.6). 61–74. WoodwardJ.1695.AnEssaytowardanaturalhistoryoftheEarthand Les mémoires de Sarrau de Boynet (A3.2 et A3.3) sont terrestrialbodies,especiallyminerals;asalsoofthesea,riversand comparablesetportenttousdeuxladatedu25août1718.Le springs,withanaccountoftheuniversaldelugeandoftheeffects second,plussoignéquelepremier,sembleêtreunecopieplus that it had upon the Earth. London: R. Wilkin, in(cid:3)4°, pièces récentecariladopteunegraphieassezmoderne.Ilyestnotéen liminaires, 277(–2)p. marge: «Réservé pour la collection, quant à la partie Page10of 12