Vol. 6 No. 1 1995 SOURAKOV and EMMEL: Calisto grannus Biology 27 TROPICAL LEPIDOPTERA, 6(1): 27-30 EARLY STAGES OF CALISTO GRANNUS BATES ON HISPANIOLA (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE: SATYRINAE) ANDREI SOURAKOV and THOMAS C. EMMEL Dept. of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA ABSTRACT.- The egg and larvae of the first, second, and last instars of Calisto grannus Bates (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) are described from the type locality at Valle Nuevo, La Vega Province, Dominican Republic, on the island of Hispaniola. KEY WORDS: Antilles, biogeography, biology, Calisto, Caribbean, Dominican Republic, eggs, Gramineae, Hispaniola, hostplants, immatures, larvae, morphology, Neotropical, West Indies. The genus Calisto Hiibner in the West Indies is a typical This paper is the first in a series of articles on the systematics, example of diversification in an island fauna as a result of phylogeny, biology, and biogeography of Calisto in the West isolation, limted geographic space and diversity of habitats. Indies, and is part of a larger project being undertaken by the first Calisto species could serve as a model system for the speciation author. process to much the same degree as the Darwin's finches in the Galapagos Archipelago. Members of this genus are found Materials and Methods exclusively on the Caribbean islands of the West Indies. Most of Living Calisto grannus females were taken by net on 20 June the species, a total of 30, are found on Hispaniola. One species 1994 at the type locality at Valle Nuevo, La Vega Province, is found on Jamaica, one on Puerto Rico, two species in the Dominican Republic, at 6200 ft [2930m] elevation. Eggs were Bahama Islands, and two on Cuba (Smith, Miller and Miller, obtained by placing the females individually in plastic, 12-oz 1994). containers, covered with netting. Dry grass was placed inside on Much of this biological diversification may be traced to the bottom and females were fed daily with a 25% sugar solution. geological events. The geological history of the Greater and Larvae were raised in the greenhouse at Gainesville on Kentucky Lesser Antilles is complex. The origin of the archipelago dates bluegrass (Poa pratensis) (Gramineae) grown in pots. from more than 50 million years ago. Since then, the component Immature Stages islands have undergone extensive metamorphoses. Hispaniola in EGG this sense is one of the most interesting islands. It is believed to Eggs are round. White when laid; subsequently, eggs will show light consist now of two, formerly separated, southern and northen brown pattern if fertile (Fig. la). parts. The unusual geological history of that island, combined FIRST INSTAR LARVA with an incredible diversity of habitats caused by the presence of Head capsule is light brown, retiform, with two projections; dimen- the high Cordillera, contributed to the extensive Pleistocene sions are 0.45mm high and 0.66mm wide; setal arrangement as in Fig. speciation of the genus Calisto as well of other groups of insects 4. Ocelli are black. Body ground color is white and it is marked by and vertebrates (Liebherr, 1988; Miller and Miller, 1989). dorsal, addorsal, subdorsal, supraspiracular, and subventral longitudinal The possible usefulness of larval morphology in relating the stripes. First and last spiracular openings are about twice the size of the groups of species of Calisto (Brown and Heineman, 1972) rest. Setal arrangement (Fig. 2): Row I. Located dorsad of the addorsal encouraged us to present our own observations on the life history stripe, one pair per segment. The second setae are positioned in a separate row parallel to the row of the first setae in the thoracic of Calisto grannus Bates, despite their incompleteness (pupae are segments. However, they start shifting backwards more and more in not described since available last instar larvae were all preserved). every subsequent abdominal segment. Setae are knob tipped, oriented The comparison of previous descriptions of Calisto larvae dorso-anteriorly in segments 1-10 and dorso-posteriorly in segments 11 (Wolcott, 1922; Dethier, 1940; Turner, 1972) shows significant and 12. Row II is restricted to thoracic segments. Setae are singular, differences in coloration of last instar larvae in the genus: C. knob tipped and oriented ventro-anteriorly. Row III contains singular zangis (Fabricius) from Jamaica, C. herophile Hiibner from Cuba, setae, positioned at subdorsal line level. Setae are knob tipped, oriented and C. pulchella Lathy from Hispaniola. In our own observa- ventro-posteriorly. Row IV consists of singular setae in thoracic tions, the morphology of 1st instar larvae of 8 different Calisto segments and of paired setae in abdominal segments. It is located below species from Hispaniola proved to be quite different, indicating supraspiracular line. Setae are knob tipped, oriented ventro-posteriorly. a high degree ot diversification in some species of the genus. Row V is located subventrally at the bases of legs. Setae are spiniform, 28 SOURAKOV and EMMEL: Calisto grannus Biology TROPICAL LEPIDOPTERA Fig. 1. Life history of Calisto grannus'. a) Eggs; b) First instar larva; c) Second instar larva; d) Dorsal and lateral views of last instar larva; e-f) Type specimen if (dorsal and lateral views) (photographed at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA). paired, except for ones in second, third and 10-12 segments. Body Subdorsal stripe is thin and weakly expressed. Supraspiracular stripe segments are annulated, with setae positioned on the ridges. Crochets become dominant, being much wider than others, and has light brown in uniordinal lateroseries. lower margin. Subventral stripe is wider than in first instar, giving tan SECOND INSTAR LARVA coloration to prolegs. In second instars, primary setae are replaced by secondary setae. The LAST INSTAR LARVA ground color of the body is tan. Longitudinal stripes are dark brown. Head capsule is tan, with extensive dark brown pattern and brown Addorsal stripe with darker spots in the segments three through eight. mandibles with cutting edges black (Fig. 3A-B; 5a, d). Head and body Fig. 2 (top). Setal arrangement in first instar larva of Calisto grannus. Fig. 3 (center). Calisto grannus larvae: A) mouthparts of last instar larva (lOOx); B) mandible and antenna (dorsal view), last instar larva; C) head capsule of 1st instar larva (150x). Fig. 4 (below). Setal arrangement of the head capsule of Calisto grannus, 1st instar. are covered with numerous secondary setae. Head setae are relatively long, translucent and spiniform (Fig. 5d) Body setae are white, and short, and are based on large chalazae (Fig. 5b). Leg setae long, pigmented, spiniform (Fig. 5e). Body ground coloration is tan. Dorsal stripe is dark brown, bordered with white margins. It is wider in the middle and narrows to both ends of the larva. Addorsal stripe is light brown, almost unnoticeable. Supraspiracular stripe is dominant, dark brown, bordered with white margins. Area in between suprasptracular and subventral stripes is whitish-tan. Subventral stripe is wide and dark brown. Prolegs brown. Forks white with dark brown dorsal longitudinal stripe. Crochets in uniordinal lateroseries (Fig. 5f). Claws are dark (Fig. 5e). Feeding is at night, returning to root areas during the day. Develop- ment times averaged 1 month. Hostplant Even though the foodplant of Calisto grannus is not known, it is suggested (Smith, Miller and Miller, 1994) that it feeds on Danthonia domingensis (Gramineae), an abundant and endemic grass of the highlands of Hispaniola where the butterflies occur. 30 Fig. 5. Last instar larva of Calisto grannus, photographed under dissecting microscope: a) Lateral view of head and first thoracic segment; b) Close-up view of first thoracic segment; c) Lateral view of the rear end of the body; d) Head capsule, close-up view; e) Ventral surface of the second thoracic leg; f) Second abdominal proleg. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Miller, L. D., and J. Y. Miller The authors thank two anonymous reviewers for reviewing the 1989. The biogeography of West Indian butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea, Hesperioidea): a vicariance model. In C. A. manuscript. This paper is published as Florida Agricultural Woods (ed.), Biogeography of the West Indies: Past, Present, Experiment Station Journal Series No. R-04372. and Future. Gainesville: Sandhill Crane Pr. Pp. 229-262. Smith, D. S., L. D. Miller, and J. Y. Miller REFERENCES 1994. The Butterflies of the West Indies and South Florida. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Pr. 264pp, 32 pi. Brown, F. M., and B. Heineman Turner, T. W. 1972. Jamaica and its Butterflies. London: E. W. Classey. 478pp, 1972. [Early stages of Calisto iangis]. In F. M. Brown and B. 10 pi. Heineman, Jamaica and its Butterflies. London: E. W. Dethier, V. E. Classey. Pp. 107. 1940. Life histories of Cuban Lepidoptera. Psyche (Cambridge, Ma), Wolcott, G. N. 47:14-26. 1922. The insects of sugar cane in Santo Domingo. J. Dept. Agric. Liebherr, K. J. (ed.) Porto Rico (Mayaguez), 6:32-37. 1988. Zoogeography of Caribbean Insects. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Pr. 285pp.