Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament Herausgeber / Editor Jörg Frey (Zürich) Mitherausgeber / Associate Editors Markus Bockmuehl (Oxford) · James A. Kelhoffer (Uppsala) Hans-Josef Klauck (Chicago, IL) · Tobias Nicklas (Regensburg) J. Ross Wagner (Durham, NC) 336 Early Christian Prayer and Identity Formation Edited by Reidar Hvalvik and Karl Olav Sandnes Mohr Siebeck Reidar Hvalvik: Born 1951; 1994 Dr.theol.; 1985–1994 Assistant Professor at MF Norwe- gian School of Theology; 1994–2005 Associate Professor; since 2005 Professor. Karl Olav Sandnes: Born 1954; 1988 Dr.theol.; 1988–1991 Associate Professor School of Mission and Theology; 1991–1993 Visiting Professor Lutheran Theological Seminary, Hong Kong; since 1993 Professor at MF Norwegian School of Theology; 2013 Visiting professor Nanjing Union Theological Seminary, PR China. e-ISBN PDF 978-3-16-153521-5 ISBN 978-3-16-153520-8 ISSN 0512-1604 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament) Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliogra- phie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2014 by Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, Germany. www.mohr.de This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic s ystems. The book was printed by Gulde-Druck in Tübingen on non-aging paper and bound by Buch binderei Spinner in Ottersweier. Printed in Germany. Preface This book resulted from a research project in the Department of New Testament Studies at the Norwegian School of Theology (MF), Oslo. Some international and mostly national colleagues participated in the two work- shops held in Oslo autumn 2011 and 2012, where submitted papers were presented and discussed. The topic, “Early Christian Prayer and Identity Formation,” covers a vast field of material and texts, and within the limits of this volume only some of them have been covered. Some more contributions were planned, but for various reasons did not materialize. The project was financed by our school, for which we are grateful. We appreciate very much the interest shown to our project already from its initial phase by Professor Jörg Frey, editor of Wissenschaftliche Untersuch- ungen zum Neuen Testament and Dr. Henning Ziebritzki, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen. A special thank is directed to Glenn Wehus who has checked all Greek quotations in the manuscripts, and to Ole Jakob Filtvedt for substantial assis- tance in compiling the indices. As we were bringing our project to a close, one of the participants, our colleague and friend through many years, Professor Dr. theol. Hans Kvalbein, passed away. We are glad to publish in this volume what is his last academic contribution. The book is dedicated in gratitude to the memory of him, mentor and friend through years. Oslo, June, 2014 Reidar Hvalvik and Karl Olav Sandnes Table of Contents Preface …………………………………………………………………..... V Abbreviations ……………………………………………………………. IX REIDAR HVALVIK and KARL OLAV SANDNES Early Christian Prayer and Identity Formation: Introducing the Project ….. 1 MIKAEL TELLBE Identity and Prayer ………………………………………………………... 13 LARRY HURTADO The Place of Jesus in Earliest Christian Prayer and its Import for Early Christian Identity ……………………………....... 35 REIDAR HVALVIK Praying with Outstretched Hands: Nonverbal Aspects of Early Christian Prayer and the Question of Identity …………………… 57 GEIR OTTO HOLMÅS Prayer, ‘Othering’ and the Construction of Early Christian Identity in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke …………………………………....... 91 MIKAEL TELLBE Prayer and Social Identity Formation in the Letter to the Ephesians ……. 115 ANNA REBECCA SOLEVÅG Prayer in Acts and the Pastoral Epistles: Intersections of Gender and Class ……………………………………….. 137 OLE JACOB FILTVEDT With Our Eyes Fixed on Jesus: The Prayers of Jesus and His Followers in Hebrews …………………….. 161 CRAIG R. KOESTER Heavenly Prayer and Christian Identity in the Book of Revelation ………183 VIII Table of Contents KARL OLAV SANDNES “The First Prayer”: Pater Noster in the Early Church …………………... 209 HANS KVALBEIN The Lord’s Prayer and the Eucharist Prayers in the Didache ……………. 233 REIDAR AASGAARD “What point is there for me in other people hearing my confessions?” Prayer and Christian Identity in Augustine’s Confessions ………………. 267 ANASTASIA MARAVELA Christians Praying in a Graeco-Egyptian Context: Intimations of Christian Identity in Greek Papyrus Prayers …………….. 291 NICLAS FÖRSTER Prayer in the Valentinian Apolytrosis: A Case Study on Gnostic Identity ……………………………………….. 325 GLENN WEHUS “Bring Now, O Zeus, What Difficulty Thou Wilt.” Prayer and Identity Formation in the Stoic Philosopher Epictetus ……… 343 REIDAR HVALVIK and KARL OLAV SANDNES Prayer and Identity Formation: Attempts at a Synthesis ………………… 371 Contributors ……………………………………………………………… 383 Index of Sources .………………………………………………………… 385 Index of Modern Authors ………………………………………………... 410 Index of Subjects and Names…………………………………………...... 417 Abbreviations Abbreviations, of the names of biblical books and other ancient sources as well as modern periodicals, reference works and serials, follow the rules recommended by the Society of Biblical Literature, as found in Patrick H. Alexander et al., eds., The SBL Handbook of Style for Ancient Near Eastern, Biblical, and Early Christian Studies (Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1999). In addition, the following abbreviations, not found in the SBL Handbook (1999 printing) have been used: BIS Biblical Interpretation Series ESV English Standard Version JSJSup Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism LNTS Library of New Testament Studies NABRE New American Bible Revised Edition NET New English Translation NETS A New English Translation of the Septuagint and the Other Greek Translations Traditionally Included under that Title VCSup Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae