e-Health Care in Dentistry and Oral Medicine A Clinician’s Guide Nicolas Giraudeau Editor 123 e-Health Care in Dentistry and Oral Medicine Nicolas Giraudeau Editor e-Health Care in Dentistry and Oral Medicine A Clinician’s Guide Editor Nicolas Giraudeau Public health, LBN EA 4203, Odontology, University of Montpellier Montpellier, France ISBN 978-3-319-69449-8 ISBN 978-3-319-69450-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69450-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017964626 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recita- tion, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or infor- mation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents Part I General Aspects of e-Oral Health 1 Definition of Teledentistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Rodrigo Mariño and Aghareed Ghanim 2 e-Oral Health Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Rodrigo Mariño and Alagesan Chinnasamy 3 Development of Teledentistry: From Pilot Projects to  Successful Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Isabelle Bourdon, Roxana Ologeanu-Taddei, and Chris Kimble 4 Ethics and Teledentistry: Challenges and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Olivier Hamel 5 The Economics of Teledentistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Gregoire Mercier and Rodrigo Jose Marino Part II E-health Care in Oral Medicine 6 A Clinical Evaluation of Teledentistry in Oral Health Promotion . . . 61 Hans Boeckx 7 e-Implantology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Dimitri Pascual and Vaysse Jérôme 8 Teledentistry and Orthodontics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Murilo Fernando Neuppmann Feres, Maurilo de Mello Lemos, Marina Guimarães Roscoe, and Nicolas Giraudeau 9 E-Health Care in Oral Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Anacláudia Pereira Costa Flores, Erno Harzheim, Manoela Domingues Martins, Marcelo Rodrigues Gonçalves, Marco Antonio Trevizani Martins, Michelle Roxo Gonçalves, Otávio Pereira D’Avila, Roberto Nunes Umpierre, and Vinicius Coelho Carrard v vi Contents Part III A Global View on Teledentistry 10 Teledentistry in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Susan J. Daniel and Lindsie Farrow 11 Teledentistry in Brazil: Tools to Improve the Quality of Oral Health in the Primary Care Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Otávio Pereira D’Avila, Cynthia Goulart Molina-Bastos, Rafael Gustavo dal Moro, Erno Harzheim, Marcelo Rodrigues Gonçalves, Roberto Nunes Umpierre, Carlos André Aita Shmitz, and Vinicius Coelho Carrard 12 Teledentistry in France: Example of the e-DENT Project . . . . . . . . . 143 C. Inquimbert, E. Malthierry, G. Arzens, P. Camman, M. Charvier, F. Cuisinier, R. Delafoy, T. Dodin, V. Formont, S. Garcia, U. Gonzales, N. Huyghe, M. Lelong, B. Levallois, S. Luce, J. Pasdeloup, P.F. Perrigault, M. Pierrejean, L. Pourreyron, T. Ressouche, C. Roy, O. Roy, C. Serra, B. Tassery, H. Tassery, P. Tramini, J. Valcarcel, F. Vialla, and N. Giraudeau Part I General Aspects of e-Oral Health Definition of Teledentistry 1 Rodrigo Mariño and Aghareed Ghanim Abstract The concept of teledentistry proposes the application of a variety of information and communications technologies (ICT) to facilitate oral health care for geo- graphically distant patients and/or practitioners. This chapter presents an over- view of the uses of information and communication technologies in oral health. The first part defines teledentistry, addresses general concepts and provides an overview of teledentistry and its common uses in oral health. The final section describes some of the general health implications of teledentistry, explaining the role played by health professionals in promoting the uses of ICT in oral health and stimulating the need for further interdisciplinary research and education in tele- dentistry. The chapter aims to describe the foundation for teledentistry and under- line its merits for the delivery of oral health care. The chapter also discusses the opportunities and benefits associated with the adoption of teledentistry solutions as well as its utilisation and impact on the oral health system and the population. Keywords ICT • Telehealth • Tele(oral)health • Teledentistry • e-health • e-(oral)health 1.1 Introduction The use of communication technology to improve access to and quality of health care and to decrease inequalities in health has a long history. There has always been a connection between medicine/health and communication tools. For example, the use of a torch system to relay messages by the ancient Greeks [1], the use of sounds R. Mariño (*) • A. Ghanim Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 3 N. Giraudeau (ed.), e-Health Care in Dentistry and Oral Medicine, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69450-4_1 4 R. Mariño and A. Ghanim (drums, bells), the use of quipus (or talking knots, a complicated systems of record- ing and administration based on the use of strings) by the Incas, and smoke signals were all early attempts to exchange or communicate health information, news about major catastrophes or significant health events like the bubonic plague in Europe [2, 3]. Despite this, these are not considered examples of telemedicine [4]. According to Vladzymyrskyy and coresearchers, there is a strong connection between telemedicine and electrical and electronic communication tools [4]. Telemedicine started as soon as these technologies (telegraph, telephone and radio) were invented. Thus, it was not until the 1850s that technological advances for the transmission of information by telegraph, telephone and radio allowed for the expansion of telecommunication and informatics. From this perspective, the history of telemedicine, and probably the term itself, can be traced to the mid-nineteenth century. The telegraph was used during the American Civil War and in Central Australia in 1874, in which records show how the telegraph played an important telemedicine role in enabling care for wounded people [5]. Later, in the early twen- tieth century (1905), there was a transmission of an electrocardiogram (ECG) [6]. The prefix “tele” is derived from a Greek term which means “at a distance”; hence, more simply, telemedicine means “healing at a distance”. The term was first used in 1927 in a newspaper article [4]. A few years earlier, in 1924, Hugo Gernsback described “teledactyl” [7], an early vision of telemedicine, where a doctor could use radio signals to generate a video image of the patient and remotely operate a robotic hand to examine the patient. In his vision, the doctor of the future could “feel at a distance”. Back then it sounded like science fiction, but 90 years later it is a reality. Radiology images started being sent in the 1940s via telephone lines [7]. Nonetheless, it was not until the 1960s and 1970s when modern telecommunication technologies started expanding and being ubiquitous in our world that the term telemedicine started being used as largely military and space applications and the health care began demonstrating how information and communications technology (ICT) could provide new solutions in areas of shortage of specialists or lack of proper health care. Terms such as teleconsultation and telediagnosis start appearing in the 1970s. More recently, with the exponential growth of sensors and social applications, cloud, big data, etc. and the increasing familiarity of patients to these technologies, a demand has been created for anytime anywhere access to information and health care [8]. This chapter presents an overview of the uses of information and communication technologies in oral health. It is organised into three main sections; the first section will look at a definition of telemedicine and explore differences between e-health, telehealth and telemedicine and will present major areas of telehealth applications. The second section will expand on the definitions of telemedicine and teledentistry and will present the most common uses of teledentistry in oral health. The final sec- tion will describe some general health implications of teledentistry, explaining the role played by health professionals in promoting the uses of ICT in oral health and stimulating the need for further interdisciplinary research and education in teledentistry. 1 Definition of Teledentistry 5 1.2 Telehealth and Telemedicine Defined Just as the uses of ICT have developed over the years, the terms to describe health- care services at a distance, such as “telehealth”, “e-health” and “telemedicine”, have also evolved. Within this evolution, Standards Australia defines e-health, which is generally accepted as composed of two elements: (1) health informatics, which relates to the collection, analysis and movement of health information and data to support health care, and (2) telehealth, which relates to direct (e.g. videoconferenc- ing) or indirect (e.g. website) delivery of health information or health care to a recipient [9]. E-health has also been defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the “cost-effective and secure use of information and communication technologies in support of health and health-related fields, including health-care services, health surveillance, health literature and health education, knowledge and research” [10]. However, WHO uses “telehealth” and “e-health” as umbrella terms “to encompass the rapidly evolving discipline of using computing, networking and communica- tions - methodology and technology - to support the health related fields, such as medicine, nursing, pharmacy and dentistry” [11]. For the European community, e-health includes “products, systems and services that go beyond simply Internet-based applications. They include tools for both health authorities and professionals as well as personalised health systems for patients and citizens” [12]. Examples include electronic health records, telemedi- cine services, personal wearable and portable communicable systems, health portals and many other information and communication technology-based tools assisting prevention, diagnosis, treatment, health monitoring and lifestyle management [12]. Other components of e-health include the use of mobile devices, such as mobile phones, patient monitoring devices and other wireless devices, for medical and pub- lic health practices, and the use of rules, regulations, guidelines or definitions with technical specification to make the integrated management of health systems viable at all levels (standardisation and interoperability) [10]. Although some definitions suggest using telemedicine and telehealth as inter- changeable terms, telemedicine is different from telehealth. Telehealth is broader in definition than telemedicine as it includes computer-assisted telecommunications to support management, surveillance, literature and access to medical and health knowledge [11]. Telemedicine is the use of telecommunications for any health- related activities carried out over distance by means of information communication technologies. A definition of telemedicine is provided by the World Health Organization [11] as: The delivery of health care services, where distance is a critical factor, by all health care professionals using information and communication technologies for the exchange of valid information for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease and injuries, research and evaluation, and for the continuing education of health care providers, all in the interests of advancing the health of individuals and their communities.