Table Of Content

Research Paper education E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 7 | Issue : 1 | Jan 2021 DYNAMISMANDCHANGINGECONOMICPATTERNAMONG THESTPEOPLE Dr. Debasmita Halder Faculty, Acharya Prafulla Chandra College, West Bengal, India. ABSTRACT Tribe also known as Indigenous people, a human social group comprising numerous families, clans, or generations together with slaves and defined by traditions of common descent, language, culture and ideology. In some cases, tribes have legal recognition and some degree of political autonomy from federal government. In this research paper, it is mentioned that the indigenous people are mainly Santhals. They are from Munda ethnic group native to India, are also found in various ecological and geo-climatic conditions ranging from plains and forest to hills and inaccessible areas. They are at different stages of social, economic and educational development. Various projects are being implemented by the government for ST people but in remote village (surveyed village for this study) the uneven implementation of these project, there has been no significant change in economic status of ST people specially in the surveyed area. In some cases, ST villagers are abandoning their traditional livelihood to work as labourers to improve their economic status. The rate of economic development and the level of per-capita income increase and more workforce shift from primary sector to secondary and tertiary sector. That's why for secure income as well as to learn new skills labour switch to different activity. It is known as occupational mobility, which usually measured by changes in classification of occupational categories. As an example of such a situation, ST people of Bagalia village, Purulia district has been selected and this micro level survey, shows a picture of ST people of this surveyed village, moving from their traditional livelihood to another livelihood. KEY WORDS: Education, Occupation, Occupational-mobility, Scheduled Tribe. For this micro level study Bagalia village has been selected on the basis of a) concentration of scheduled tribe population and b) those families who have three age groups of family members, below 30 years, 30to 60 years and more than 60 years. Total sample size is 247. This village is situated under Jabarra-Jhapra II Gram panchayet at Para block of Purulia district in west Bengal, India. Geographical location is 26⁰ 60' N to 23⁰ 50' N and 85⁰ 75' E to 86⁰ 65' E. INTRODUCTION: METHOD OF THE STUDY: Occupation refers a regular activity which are engaged or performed for pay- This micro-level study is based on intensive field work. Study village has ment. Occupational mobility can be defined as the capability of the labour which selected on the basis of the concentration of Scheduled tribe population with enable it to switch to different occupation. Generally, the labour switch to the three generations. Selection of population and respondent were made through new job in order to gain good income. Occupational mobility has been consid- purposive sampling method. Three generation represents the age group namely ered significant for that societies where occupations are fixed and set at birth, and below 30 years, 30 years to 60 years and above 60 years. Total sample size is 247. are transmitted from old generation to young generation through rigid schemes In between total surveyed population male is 111 and female is 136. According to have little room for innovation and fulfillment at either the individual or collec- census 2011, the total ST population of Bagalia village is 254. Data was collected tive level. But now occupational mobility is a new term for tribal society at the from two sources. Primary and Secondary. Primary data was collected through cause of profitable income and seemed source of income. In this context the main structure scheduled and questionnaire. Different published and unpublished objective of this study is to find the reasons behind the occupational shifting record are secondary sources of data considered for the study which were col- among the ST community of study villages. lected from the block development office, block land and land revenue office, panchayat office, non- governmental organizations. Copyright© 2021, IERJ. This open-access article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License which permits Share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and Adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) under the Attribution-NonCommercial terms. International Education & Research Journal [IERJ] 60 Research Paper E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 7 | Issue : 1 | Jan 2021 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: into something better. It plays a vital role to improve social and financial sta- From this study it has been notified that in this ST community below 30 years age tus of a family and certainly determine the quality of an individual's life. group is more educated. They have maximum up to higher secondary level of education. 4.55% male and 4.34% female have taken college level of education. Peo- 2. High expenditure: Enough money is needed to fulfill the daily needs of the ple of middle age 30 to 60 years have taken education up to secondary level and people and for this source of income is very essential. On the other hand, ade- only 4.56% people are found to be higher educated. 1.13% male and 8.69% quate money is needed to adapt to the changes in today's society. So rural female of above 60 years age group have primary level of education. These workforce finds to get absorbed in the other income sector. above-mentioned percentages indicate a unique picture in old age group, female is more literate than male. So, it is concluded that young generations of this com- 3. Secured source of income: another most important reason behind this shift- munity are interested in education. In this village there are more acceptance for ing is secured source of income. Form agriculture the income depends on education as a tool for increasing income. Economy is found to be a prime mover, quality and quantity of production. But if people have fixed job or fixed still the aspect of education as stepping stone for greater social mobility is also other source for income then it will be very safe for them. noticed in good measure. It is found that education was necessary for a larger change in life than just rice in income. Education is needed to reflect social 4. Unfertile soil and low productive land: Area is dominated by granitic mobility rather than merely more money. This is true more for ST community. gneiss and sediments of the Chhotonagpur gneiss complex of Precambrian age. Bagalia has a thick geological succession of mostly Archaean Granites In rural Bengal, agriculture mainly crop cultivation is the major traditional occu- Gneiss and to a much lesser extent, quaternary semi consolidated sediments, pation of the villagers. Same picture present in this surveyed village Bagalia. Carboniferous sandstone shale, Pre Cambrian massive Granites and Quartz- Most of the old age people are attached with crop farming. But young generation ite and with recent alluvium sediments deposition. So, this type of rock is more interested in non-agricultural occupation. formed gravelly loamy soil which has not enough fertility for crop cultivation. Table no 1.1 Age wise occupational structure of ST people (generation wise) 5. Lack of rainfall and absence of well irrigation: The region is basically drought prone. The area is characterized by low rainfall and high evapora- Age wise occupational structure tion. Water table is far below the ground. Rainfall occurs due to local low ST working population in % pressure. No main river channel is seen at the study village. So well irrigation system are not found. 30-60 years Occupational < 30 years age age >60 years age Total For these like lack of sufficient rainfall throughout the year, absence of well irri- category Male Female Male Female Male Female gation, unfertile soil etc are basic reasons for low production in crop cultivation. Villagers are suffering from insecure income. So young generation of ST com- Agriculture 1.69 15.25 13.56 munity mentally prepare to shift their source of income. They are interested in Service construction job, business, service etc. (govt) 1.69 100% CONCLUSION: Non- Service 1.69 To improve the socio-economic status of these villagers, government has agriculrure (pvt) brought into being many rural development programmes. During the field work Business 5.08 it is observed that introduction of many development prgrammes cannot come off with a radical change in the standard of living or economic condition of rural Casual 15.25 1.69 22.88 21.19 people specially ST of surveyed village compared to present asking market price labour of West Bengal. Source : Primary household survey, 2019 Plain relief with undulating nature, semi fertile gravelly soil and insufficient rain- From the above-mentioned chart, it is observed that, among the ST community, fall good amount of crops are not cultivated here. In winter season insufficient the percentage of workers in non-agricultural field is increasing more rapidly irrigation does not help to cultivate Rabi crops. No surplus amount of crops is than in agricultural field, which sowing a clear shifting of choice of job in favour there. Low quality of production is only consumed as main food (rice) of a fam- of non-agriculture. ily. Generation wise separation of cultivated land produce small amount of crops. Insufficient amount of production does not help to enrich this village economy. Table no 1.2 Occupational mobility of ST population (generation wise) People have no interest to extent agriculture land or purchase the agricultural equipment. Middle age group of people is only maintaining their traditional land. Occupational Age group (years) Villagers are shifting in labour work, in brick field or any construction or any Total category Below 30 years 30 – 60 years Above 60 years other works. Generation wise occupational mobility is a unique change among ST community of this village. Better economic condition, better life style, having Agriculture 1.69 15.25 13.56 100% more income happens to be the motive force for this mobilization. Non-agriculture 18.63 50.84 -- REFERENCES: Source : Primary household survey, 2019 Books: I. Moosvi, S. 2011. Capitalism, Colonialism and Globalization: Studies in Economic From the above-mentioned table 1.2, it becomes clear that there is a marked inci- Change. Chennai. Tulika Book Publisher. dence of people moving away from agriculture across ST villagers. It is observed II. Shrivastava, S and S. Shukla. 2012. Urbanization and Transformation of Rural Envi- that among the above 60 years age group of people of Bagalia village 13.56% are ronment in Madhya Pradesh. New Delhi. Readworthy Publications Pvt.Ltd, engaged in agriculture whereas no one interested in non-agriculture sector. In III. Szirmai, A, 2015. Socio-Economic Development. Cambridge. Cambridge University next generation people 15.25% is attached with agriculture and 50.84% is in non- Press. agriculture activities. Young generation, very low percentage only 1.69% IV. Thorner, D. 1956. The Agrarian Prospects of India. Delhi. Oxford University Press. engaged in agriculture. But 18.63% in non-agriculture. So, percentage of workers in non-agricultural field is increasing more rapidly than in agricultural field, V. Sorokin, P.A 1927. Social and Cultural Mobility. New York. Harper & Brothers. which shows a clear shifting of choice of occupation in favour of non- VI. Lipest S. M. and Bendix R. 1959, Social Mobility in Industrial Society, California. Uni- agriculture. versity of California Press. VII. Singh S. N. 1996. Reservation Policy for Backward classes. New Delhi. Rawat Publi- Based on survey report it shows that most of the ST people are leaving agriculture cation, and taking up other occupations. There have some reasons behind this shifting, VIII. Ketkar S. V. 1979. History of caste in India. Jaipur. Rawat publications. 1. Education: Education is the never-ending process of modification of IX. Ghurye, G. S. 1961. Caste, Class and Occupation. Bombay. Popular Prokashan. behaviour and it is found to have evolved through the edges as development X. Gomango, Giridhar. 1992. Constitutional provision for the Scheduled Castes and process remaining concerned with individual and social life. It leads to Scheduled Tribes. Bombay. Himalaya Pub. social change and social progress. Early child hood education can produce XI. Singh, R. S. 1982. Changing occupational Structure of Scheduled Tribes. The Univer- significant gains in children's learning and development. High quality child sity of California. hood education assists many at-risk children in avoiding poor outcomes. a. Inter-india Publications. This education is the foundation for his or her future development providing a strong base for lifelong learning and learning abilities, including cognitive XII. Bose, S.C. 1990. Geography of West Bengal. New Delhi. National Book Trust. and social development. In this village ST villagers are more interested about education. The young generation is encouraging their children to go to school. People are very much concern about education. They realize that education improves knowledge, skills about the world around us and changes it 61 International Education & Research Journal [IERJ]