Dynamics of Detonations and Explosions: Explosion Phenomena Edited by A. L. Kuhl Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Los Angeles, California J.-C. Leyer Université de Poitiers Poitiers, France A. A. Borisov USSR Academy of Sciences Moscow, USSR W. A. Sirignano University of California Irvine, California Volume 134 PROGRESS IN ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS A. Richard Seebass, Editor-in-Chief University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, Colorado Technical papers presented from the Twelfth International Colloquium on Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan Tuly 1989, and subsequently revised for this volume. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., 370 L’Enfant Promenade, SW, Washington, DC 20024-2518. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics Editor-in-Chief A. Richard Seebass University of Colorado at Boulder Editorial Board Richard G. Bradley General Dynamics John R. Casani California Institute of Technology Jet Propulsion Laboratory Allen E. Fuhs Carmel, California George J, Gleghorn TRW Space and Technology Group Dale B. Henderson Los Alamos National Laboratory Carolyn L. Huntoon NASA Johnson Space Center Reid R. June Boeing Military Airplane Company John L. Sunkins Texas A&M University John E. Keigler General Electric Company Asiro-Space Division Daniel P. Raymer Lockheed Aeronautical Systems Company Joseph F. Shea Massachusetts Institute af Technology Martin Summerfield Princeton Combustion Research Laboratories, Inc, Charles E. Treanor Arvin/Calspan Advanced Technology Center Norma J, Brennan Director, Editorial Department AIAA Jeanne Godette Series Managing Editor AIAA Table of Contents XVii Preface .eccssssccescccassccecneeecnensesansnssnereneuessasceasecenantseantnses seneeee eee, Chapter I. Vapor Cloud Explosions . Scaling of Vapor Cloud Explosions After Turbulent Jet Release............3 M. Stock and W. Geiger, Battelle Europe, Frankfurt, Germany, and H. Giesbrecht, BASF AG, Ludwigshafen, Germany Effect of Asymmetric Ignition on the Vapor Cloud Spatial Blast . C. Desrosier, A. Reboux, and J. Brossard, Laboratoire de Recherche Universitaire, Bourges, France Experimental Investigation Concerning the Influence of Turbulence on the Flame Front Velocity of Fuel Gas-Air Mixture Deflagrations .... M. Christill and W. Leuckel, Univers: Germany it Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Mechanism of Flame Acceleration Along a Tube With Obstacles..........66 Y.-K. Pu and S. Yuan, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China, and J. Jarosinski, Institute of Aeronautics, Warsaw, Poland, and Y. G. Johnston and C, W. Kauffman, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Explosion in a Vented Vessel Connected to a Duct ..........seseeceeee anne eB F, Bouhard, B. Veyssiere, Laboratoire d’Energétique et de Détonique, URA 193 au CNRS, ENSMA, Poitiers, France, and J.-C. Leyer, Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique de la Combustion, Poitiers, France, and J. Chaineaux, CERCHAR, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France Modelization and Validation Tests of the Discharge in Air of a Vessel Pressurized by a Flammable Gas..........ccccsccsssssssesssssossnees 104 J. Chaineaux, G. Mavrothalassitis, and J. Pineau, CERCHAR, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France Applicability of a Chemical-Equilibrium Model to Explosion PrOdUcts...ssscssssensscersenersenseveesaesnerscsseenecessecesseresarees 138, A. A. Borisov, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR, and s. A. Gubin and V. A. Shargatov, Moscow Institute of Physical Engineering, Moscow, USSR Inverse Numerical Process for Inlet Conditions Calculus from Experimental Front Determination .. sasenesnecpenaavones savavevercenee 154 R. Saurel, J.-C. Loraud, B. Porterie, and M. Larini, JUSTUSETT Université de Provence, Marseille, France Chapter II. Blast Wave Reflections and Interactions ......+..ssse00+ avee 169 Reflection of Shock and Explosion Waves from Surfaces Covered with Layers of Polyurethane Foam .....+..++++1+00r-seesserere ateresererereee ATL D. K. Rayevsky, L. G. Gvozdeva, Y. Faresov, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR, and J. Brossard and P. Bailly, University of Orléans, Orléans, France Simulating the kmpact Made by a Shock Wave on a Body Surrounded by a Layer of Hot or Cold Gas...... V.N, Lyakbov, D. K. Raevsky, and S. M. Kharitonov, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR, and B. J. Zaslavksky, S. Y. Morozkin, and V. R. Shlegel, VNHFTRI, Moscow, USSR Turbulent Wall Jet in a Mach Reflection Flow.... A. L. Kuhl, R & D Associates, Los Angeles, California, and R. E. Ferguson, K.-Y. Chien, W. Glowacki, and P, Collins, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, and H. Glaz, University of Maryland, Silver Spring, Maryland, and P. Colella, University of California, Berkeley, California Numerical Simulation of the Change in the Supersonic Flow Past a Body Produced by Switching on a Nearby Heat Source .....+ T. V. Bazhenova, V. N. Lyakhov, and $. M. Kharitonov, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR 233 Shock Waves Produced by Reflected Detonations. J. E. Shepherd, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Tray, New York, and A. Teodorczyk, R. Knystautas, and J. H. 8. Lee, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Spherical Wave Interaction with a Liquid-Air Interface: Analysis of the Holographic Records......0.s.-ssccossssseossnsansesseerest N, Fargére, Centre d'Etude du Bouchet, Vert-le-Petit, France, and C. Brochet, Laboratoire d’Energétique et de Détonique, URA 193 au CNRS, ENSMA, Poitiers, France Formation of Zones with High Particle Concentrations in Dusty Gas ........ dteceeeetenatteeteeneearseanecneesenesebesanensnseenenensee REeROee? V. P. Korobeinikov, Far-Eastern Branch of USSR Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, USSR 287 vi Chapter HI. Vapor Explosions.........--1+++++ senneccettescceeaccseseeeeeees BID Shock Waves from Vapor Explosion in a Shock Tube..........ssce-s0006 295 B. E. Gelfand, S$. P. Medvedev, A. N. Polenov, and S. M. Frolov, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR Dynamics of Explosive Interactions Between Molten Tin and Water in Stratified Geometry ............... G. Ciccarelli, D. L. Frost, and C. Zarafonitis, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Steam Explosion Studies with Molten Iron-Alumina Generated by Thermite Reactions ......... tees D. F. Beck, M. Berman, and L. S. Nelson, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico Application of the Integrated Fuel-Coolant Interaction Code to a FITS-Type Pouring Mode Experiment ...,..........00..::scereeesseeeoeee 356: M. F. Young, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico Multiphase Physical Explosion Modeling Using the CULDESAC Code......cccscssesecssessccssessssensseseeeeeeeecuees: D. F. Fletcher and A. Thyagaraja, Culham Laboratory, Abingdon Oxfordshire, United Kingdom Author Index for Volume 134.. List of Series Volumes ............sssserssececeeee seaneeeeeeesecccerartecsrececeses 409 Preface The four companion volumes on Dynamics of Deflagrations and Reactive Systems and Dynamics of Detonations and Explosions present 91 of the 149 papers given at the Twelfth International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems (ICDERS) held at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor during July 1989. These four volumes are included in the Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics series published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. Dynamics of Deflagrations and Reactive Systems: Flames (Volume 131) and Dynamics of Deflagrations and Reactive Systems: Het- erogeneous Combustion (Volume 132) span a broad area, encompassing the processes of coupling the exothermic energy release with the fluid dynamics occurring in any combustion process. Dynamics of Detonations and Explosions: Detonations (Volume 133) and Dynamics of Detonations and Explosions: Explosion Phenomena (Volume 134) principally address the rate processes of energy deposition in a compressible medium and the concurrent nonsteady flow as it typically occurs in explosion phenomena. The colloquium, in addition to embracing the usual topics of explosions, detonations, shock phenomena, and reactive flow, includes papers that deal primarily with the gasdynamic aspects of nonsteady flow in combustion systems, the fluid mechanic aspects of combustion (with particular emphasis on turbulence), and diagnostic techniques used to study combustion phe- nomena. In this volume, Dynamics of Detonations and Explosions: Explosion Phenomena, the papers have been arranged into chapters on vapor cloud explosions, blast wave reflections and interactions, and vapor explosions. Although the brevity of this preface does not permit the editors to do justice to all papers, we offer the following highlights of some of the especially noteworthy contributions. Chapter I, Vapor Cloud Explosions, presents recent research on the safety hazards and explosion damage potential associated with the acci- dental release of combustible vapor clouds. Stock et al. report on experi- ments with explosive clouds formed by turbulent jets of propane, natural gas, or hydrogen released through various-sized orifices. They found sig- nificant scale effects, e.g., the maximum explosion pressure increased with the size of the vapor cloud and with the turbulence level in the jet. Desrosier and coworkers have experimented with asymmetric explosions of vapor clouds, They present results on how the ignition asymmetry of a hemi- spherica} cloud affects the scaled blast wave parameters such as peak pres- sures, blast durations, and impulses. This chapter also contains articles on flame acceleration due to obstacles, Christill and Leuckel used rod-shaped grids to accelerate flames in methane-air mixtures in a shock tube, Max- imum flame speeds of 250 m/s and peak pressures of 0.8 bars were meas- ured. Pu et al, also report significant flame acceleration by obstacles for methane-air and cornstarch-air mixtures. Chapter H, Blast Wave Reflections and Interactions, presents a number of articles on the interaction of blast waves with real surfaces. For example, Rayevsky et al, have studied the normal reflection of a blast wave from a rigid wall coated with polyurethane foam. They found that, contrary to intuition, the foam layer significantly increased the peak reflected pressure on the wall. Lyakhov and coworkers report on shock reflections from a body with a hot or cold gas layer. Kuhi et al. present a detailed simulation of a double-Mach reflection from a dusty wall. By using a nondiffusive numerical scheme and adaptive mesh refinement, they were able to directly calculate the mixing in the unstable wall jet and dusty boundary layer flow. Similarity coordinates were used to average the fluctuating flow and thereby determine the dusty boundary layer profiles. Shepherd et al. report on the Tepeated reflections of detonation-driven blast waves in containers. Chapter III, Vapor Explosions, reviews a new phenomena known as vapor explosions. Such explosions involve no chemical energy release; instead, they are caused by the rapid vaporization of a cold liquid due to heat transfer from a hot liquid or surface. Gelfand and coworkers present results of planar shock and rarefaction waves generated by the sudden expansion of a high temperature, high pressure water system in a shock tube. They find that explosive boiling can create a shock wave with a very jong compression phase duration, while condensation of the saturated va- por in the rarefaction wave decreases the shock wave intensity. Ciccarelli and coworkers report on the dynamics of explosive interactions between molten tin droplets and water. The explosion wave propogates as a quas- icontinuous series of sequential local explosions. (The collapse of a vapor bubble on one droplet generated a pressure wave that triggered the ex- plosion of a neighboring droplet.) The explosion wave propagated at about 40 m/s (independent of the explosion yield) and generated peak pressures of 2-8 bars. This chapter also contains articles on steam explosion studies with molten iron-alumina generated by thermite reactions—both experi- mental, by Beck and coworkers, and computer simulations by Young as well as Fletcher and Thyagaraja. The companion volumes, Dynamics of Deflagrations and Reactive Sys- tems: Flames (Volume 131), Dynamics of Deflagrations and Reactive Sys- tems: Heterogeneous Combustion (Volume 132), and Dynamics of Deto- nations and Explosions: Detonations (Volume 133), include papers on ignition dynamics, diffusion flames with shear effects, dynamics of flames and shear layers, turbulent flames, flame propagation in combustion engines, com- bustion of dust-air mixtures, droplet combustion, combustion at solid and liquid surface and combustion diagnostics, gaseous detonations, detonation initiation and transmission, nonideal detonations and boundary effects, and multiphase detonations. These four volumes will, we trust, help satisfy the need first articulated xviii in 1966 and will continue the tradition of augmenting our understanding of the dynamics of explosions and reactive systems begun the following year in Brussels with the first colloquium. Subsequent colloquia have been held on a biennial basis: 1969 in Novosibirsk, 1971 in Marseilles, 1973 in La Jolla, 1975 in Bourges, 1977 in Stockholm, 1979 in Gottingen, 1981 in Minsk, 1983 in Poitiers, 1985 in Berkeley, 1987 in Warsaw, and 1989 in Ann Arbor. The colloquium has now achieved the status of a prime in- ternational meeting on these topics, and attracts contributions from sci- entists and engineers throughout the world. To provide an enduring focal point for the administrative aspects of the ICDERS, the organization was formally incorporated in the state of Wash- ington under the name Institute for Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems (IDERS). Professor J. R. Bowen is serving as the current presi- dent. Communications may be sent to Dean J. R. Bowen President, IDERS College of Engineering FH-10 University of Washington Seattle, Washington, USA 98195 The proceedings of the first six colloquia have appeared as a part of the journal Acta Astronautica, or its predecessor, Astronautica Acta. With the publication of the Seventh Colloquium, the proceedings now appear as part of the Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics series published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Acknowledgments The Twelfth Colloquium was held under the auspices of the Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, July 23- July 28, 1989. Local arrangements were organized by Professors C. W. Kauffman and M. Sichel. Publication of the Proceedings was made possible by grants from the National Science Foundation and the Defense Nuclear Agency of the United States. Preparations for the Thirteenth Colloquium are now under way. The meeting will be held at Nagoya University, July 28-August 2, 1991. Pro- fessor T. Fujiwara of the University’s Department of Aeronautical Engi- neering is chairman of the local organizing committee. A.L, Kuhl J.-C. Leyer A. A. Borisov W. A. Sirignano January 1991 Chapter I. Vapor Cloud Explosions