Dynamics of change in east asia Over the past forty years, East Asia has been radically transformed from a war- damaged sub- continent to a region of global pre- eminence. With new, highly developed scientific resources, great economic strengths, significant global trading links and equally powerful financial resources, East Asia is now one of the most dynamic regions in the global system. This book illuminates the historical development trajectory and contemporary circumstances of the countries of the region. Embracing a cross- disciplinary per- spective, it summarizes the history of the region and goes on to focus upon the rise of East Asia since the ruins of the Pacific War. Analysing the region’s basic strengths and the distinctive elite development strategies across the various countries, it also examines areas of domestic, intra- regional and international conflict. It covers the basic ground of political economy, society, culture and politics, whilst also taking care to locate the contemporary region in its own history and asking, what further change can be expected in the future? Providing an excellent introduction to the study of the region, this book is an important read for students and scholars of East Asian politics, history and development. P.W. Preston is Emeritus Professor of Political Sociology at the University of Birmingham, UK. His recent publications include Political- Cultural Developments in East Asia (2017) and The Logic of Chinese Politics (2016). Dynamics of change in east asia Historical Trajectories and Contemporary Development P.W. Preston First published 2018 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 P.W. Preston The right of P.W. Preston to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Preston, P. W. (Peter Wallace), 1949– author. Title: Dynamics of change in East Asia : historical trajectories and contemporary development / P.W. Preston. Description: New York : Routledge, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017052378| ISBN 9780415424370 (hardback) | ISBN 9780415424882 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781315227993 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Economic development–East Asia. | East Asia–Strategic aspects. | Nationalism–East Asia. | East Asia–Commerce. | Information technology–Economic aspects. | East Asia–Economic conditions–21st century. Classification: LCC HC460.5 .P74 2018 | DDC 338.95–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017052378 ISBN: 978-0-415-42437-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-415-42488-2 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-22799-3 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear contents List of figures and maps viii List of tables x Maps of East Asia xi Preface xiv Acknowledgements xv Part i complex change and the logics of forms of life 1 1 Argument making in social science 3 2 Substantive approaches: the resources of current disciplines 20 3 Grasping the core logics of forms of life 32 Part ii the shift to the modern world in east asia 49 4 Colonialism and modernity: the overall trajectory 51 5 Colonialism and modernity: disentangling the issues 76 vi Contents Part iii successor elites and the pursuit of national development 93 6 The dissolution of state- empires 95 7 The formation of successor elites 114 8 Elites and masses: domestic power, authority and dissent 130 9 Development issues faced 144 Part iV east asia in the changing global system 171 10 Three spheres of concern: domestic, regional and international 173 11 Globalization, the end of history and the debate about regions 188 Part V east asia: success and its costs 203 12 Elite projects and post- colonial goals 205 13 Elites, masses and the ideal of democracy 217 14 Imagined communities, collective memory and the national past 235 15 Performance, problems and mooted reforms 253 Afterword 278 Annex 1: Population, GDP and Gini coefficient 280 Annex 2: Health and education 281 Annex 3: Rural and urban employment 282 Annex 4: Military expenditures 283 Contents vii Annex 5: China’s twentieth century in twelve films 284 Annex 6: East Asia’s twentieth century in twenty films 285 Bibliography and further reading 286 Index 292 figUres anD maPs Map 1 South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia xi Map 2 Southeast Asia and East Asia xii Map 3 China – provinces xiii P.1 Roadside flowers, author and friends, outside Zhenjiang xvi 4.1 A tea warehouse in Canton, 1790 53 4.2 A view of Batavia (no date) 53 4.2(a) Batavia Plan, 1897 54 4.3 Singapore: view from Government Hill, 1830 55 4.4 Rangoon: storming the principal stockades, 1824 59 4.5 Interior of the North Taku Fort during Second Opium War, 1860 59 4.6 Pu Yi 60 5.1 Chinese snipers, 1894 77 5.2 Japanese Navy, 1894 78 5.3 Combined Japanese and British attack on Ching Tao, 1914 88 5.3(a) Ching Tao Plan, 1912 89 6.1 Battle of Shanghai, 1932 96 6.2 HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse, 1941 97 6.3 Mountbatten, Chiang Kai Shek and T.V. Soong 99 6.4 Allied reoccupation of French Indo-C hina, 1945 107 9.1 Village field, Sichuan 151 9.2 Washing leeks, Sichuan 152 9.3 Farming, Zhenjiang 153 9.4 Village, Zhenjiang 155 9.5 Ramkhamhaeng Road, Bangkok 157 9.6 Café, Ramkhamhaeng Road 158 9.7 Public housing, Singapore 159 Figures and maps ix 14.1 Lim Bo Seng Memorial, Singapore 249 14.2 Kranji, Singapore 250 14.3 School, Sichuan 251 15.1 Hong Kong Central 256 15.2 Changi Airport 259 15.3 Beijing Airport 260 15.4 Consumption, Singapore 266 15.5 Recycling, Zhenjiang 268 15.6 Beijing smog 269 A.1 Café, Bangkok 279