+ W Journal of ASTM International o STP151 -EB/Feb. 2010 lf Selected Technical Papers STP 1514 J A •I D u r a b ilit y o f B u ild in g a n d C o n s t r u c t io n S e a la n t s a n d A d h Durability of Building e s iv e s : 3 r and Construction d V o lu m e Sealants and Adhesives S 3rd Volume T P 1 www.astm.org 51 4 JAI Guest Editor ISBN: 978-0-8031-3426-3 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue May 6 11:22:28 EDT 2014 Stock #: STP1514 DAownnloaddedr/eprinateds b yT. Wolf Rochester Institute Of Technology pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. Journal of ASTM International Selected Technical Papers STP1514 Durability of Building and Construction Sealants and Adhesives: 3rd Volume JAI Guest Editor: Andreas T. Wolf ASTM International 100 Barr Harbor Drive PO Box C700 West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959 Printed in the U.S.A. ASTM Stock #: STP1514 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue May 6 11:22:28 EDT 2014 Downloaded/printed by Rochester Institute Of Technology pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData ISBN:978-0-8031-3426-3 Copyright©2010ASTMINTERNATIONAL,WestConshohocken,PA.Allrights reserved.Thismaterialmaynotbereproducedorcopied,inwholeorinpart,inanyprinted, mechanical,electronic,film,orotherdistributionandstoragemedia,withoutthe writtenconsentofthepublisher. JournalofASTMInternational„JAI…Scope TheJAIisamulti-disciplinaryforumtoservetheinternationalscientificandengineering communitythroughthetimelypublicationoftheresultsoforiginalresearchand criticalreviewarticlesinthephysicalandlifesciencesandengineeringtechnologies. Thesepeer-reviewedpaperscoverdiversetopicsrelevanttothescienceandresearchthat establishthefoundationforstandardsdevelopmentwithinASTMInternational. PhotocopyRights Authorizationtophotocopyitemsforinternal,personal,oreducationalclassroomuse,or theinternal,personal,oreducationalclassroomuseofspecificclients,isgrantedby ASTMInternationalprovidedthattheappropriatefeeispaidtoASTMInternational,100 BarrHarborDrive,P.O.BoxC700,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959,Tel: 610-832-9634;online:http://www.astm.org/copyright. TheSocietyisnotresponsible,asabody,forthestatementsandopinionsexpressedin thispublication.ASTMInternationaldoesnotendorseanyproductsrepresentedinthis publication. PeerReviewPolicy Eachpaperpublishedinthisvolumewasevaluatedbytwopeerreviewersandatleast oneeditor.Theauthorsaddressedallofthereviewers’commentstothesatisfactionofboth thetechnicaleditor(s)andtheASTMInternationalCommitteeonPublications. Thequalityofthepapersinthispublicationreflectsnotonlytheobviouseffortsofthe authorsandthetechnicaleditor(s),butalsotheworkofthepeerreviewers.Inkeepingwith long-standingpublicationpractices,ASTMInternationalmaintainstheanonymityof thepeerreviewers.TheASTMInternationalCommitteeonPublicationsacknowledges withappreciationtheirdedicationandcontributionoftimeandeffortonbehalfof ASTMInternational. CitationofPapers Whencitingpapersfromthispublication,theappropriatecitationincludesthepaper authors,“papertitle”,J.ASTMIntl.,volumeandnumber,Paperdoi,ASTMInternational, WestConshohocken,PA,Paper,yearlistedinthefootnoteofthepaper.Acitationis providedasafootnoteonpageoneofeachpaper. PrintedinNewburyport,MA February,2010 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue May 6 11:22:28 EDT 2014 Downloaded/printed by Rochester Institute Of Technology pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. Foreword THISCOMPILATIONOFTHEJOURNALOFASTMINTERNATIONAL (JAI),STP1514,onDurabilityofBuildingandConstructionSealants andAdhesives:3rdVolume,contains19paperspresentedatthesymposium withthesamenameheldinDenver,CO,June25–26,2008andtwo additionalpaperssubmittedbutnotpresented.Allpaperswerepublished inJAI.ThesymposiumwassponsoredbytheASTMInternational CommitteeC24onBuildingSealsandSealantsincooperationwiththe InternationalUnionofLaboratoriesandExpertsinConstructionMaterials, SystemsandStructures(RILEM). The JAI Guest Editor isAndreas T. Wolf, Dow Corning GmbH, Wiesbaden,Germany. Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue May 6 11:22:28 EDT 2014 Downloaded/printed by Rochester Institute Of Technology pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue May 6 11:22:28 EDT 2014 Downloaded/printed by Rochester Institute Of Technology pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. Contents .......................................................................... Overview vii LaboratoryTestingandSpecializedOutdoorExposureTesting AnAttemptatFindingaCorrelationBetweenEnvironmentalandAcceleratedRILEM TC139-DBSWeatheringforOne-ComponentPolyurethaneSealantsAppliedon Mortar ........................................ E.Pozzi,V.Carcano,andA.Ausilio 3 JointSealingSystemsforPavements—ANewApproachTowardsaPerformance RelatedEvaluationofCapabilityandDurability ........................................... C.RecknagelandS.Pirskawetz 15 Long-TermOutdoorWeatheringStudyofConstructionSealants ............................................... E.D.BullandG.M.Lucas 38 SelectiveReviewofWeatheringTestsforSealantsandThoughtsontheDevelopment ofNovelTestConceptBasedonSimultaneousWeatheringandMovement ......................................... J.M.KlosowskiandP.D.Gorman 73 NewWeatheringTestMethodforSealantsandPreliminaryExperimentalResults ......................................... J.M.KlosowskiandP.D.Gorman 84 EffectsofWaterImmersiononBuildingandCivilEngineeringJointsandtheUseof theArrheniusMethodinPredictingAdhesionLifetimeofWater-Immersed Joints ............................................................ A.T.Wolf 111 ExperimentalEvaluationofUltravioletandVisibleLightCuringAcrylatesforUsein GlassStructures ................................................. B.WellerandS.Tasche 135 RelativeResistanceofSiliconeandSi-HybridBasedSealantstoAlternatingPeriodsof AcceleratedWeatheringandThermo-MechanicalMovements ............................................ D.LongoandP.Vandereecken 157 EvaluationoftheDurabilityPotentialofSilylTerminatedPolyacrylateBased ConstructionSealant ............................................ Y.NakagawaandS.Yukimoto 165 FactorsInfluencingtheDurabilityofSealedJointsandAdhesiveFixations SubstrateDurabilityGuidelinesUsedinSiliconeStructuralAttachment ......................................................... L.D.Carbary 185 AdhesionDevelopmentofOrganicandSiliconeSealantsonWetandDryConcrete ................................................ F.GubbelsandC.Calvet 200 CleaningSiliconeResiduefromGlass ............................. J.M.Klosowski,E.S.Breeze,andD.H.Nicastro 217 ResistanceofAdhesiveBondingofUltra-HighPerformanceConcretetoHygrothermal, Corrosive,andFreeze-ThawCyclingEnvironments .... R.Krelaus,G.Wisner,S.Freisinger-Schadow,M.Schmidt,S.Böhm,andK.Dilger 227 DurabilitybyDesign:NewResultsonLoad-CarryingSiliconeBonding .............................................................. A.Hagl 254 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue May 6 11:22:28 EDT 2014 Downloaded/printed by Rochester Institute Of Technology pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. DevelopmentofNewTestMethodsandPerformance-BasedSpecifications EvaluationofSiliconeSealantsatHighMovementRatesRelevanttoBombMitigating WindowandCurtainwallDesign .......................................... K.Yarosh,A.T.Wolf,andS.Sitte 277 QuantificationofEffectofEnforcedCyclicMovementandRegionalExposureFactors onWeatherabilityofConstructionSealants ......................................... N.Enomoto,A.Ito,andK.Tanaka 302 UsingRheologyTestMethodstoAssessDurabilityofCuredElastomersUndergoing CyclicDeformation ................................. G.V.Gordon,L.D.Lower,andL.D.Carbary 313 EffectofStrainontheModulusofSealantsExposedtotheOutdoors ................................... C.C.White,D.Hunston,andK.TeanTan 328 DevelopmentofAcceleratedAgingTestMethodologyandSpecimenforBondedCFRP Systems .............................. J.Deng,J.E.Tanner,C.W.Dolan,andD.Mukai 342 WaterPenetrationofCladdingComponents—ResultsfromLaboratoryTestson SimulatedSealedVerticalandHorizontalJointsofWallCladding ................................. M.A.Lacasse,H.Miyauchi,andJ.Hiemstra 359 FieldExperiencewithSealedJointsandAdhesiveFixation FieldPerformanceandAcceleratedWeatheringofHighPerformanceAcrylicand PolyurethaneSealantsforTilt-UpApplications ............................. V.Demarest,A.Liss,R.Queenan,andP.Gorman 391 ....................................................................... AuthorIndex 413 ...................................................................... SubjectIndex 415 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue May 6 11:22:28 EDT 2014 Downloaded/printed by Rochester Institute Of Technology pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. Overview Introduction TheThirdASTMInternationalSymposiumonDurabilityofBuildingand ConstructionSealantsandAdhesives(2008-DBCSA)washeldonJune25– 26,2008inDenver,Colorado.ItwassponsoredbytheASTMInternational CommitteeC24onBuildingSealsandSealantsincooperationwiththeIn- ternational Union of Laboratories and Experts in Construction Materials, SystemsandStructures(RILEM).Thesymposiumwasheldinconjunction with the standardization meetings of the C24 Committee. With presenta- tions from authors representing six countries in North America, Europe, andAsia,thesymposiumwasatrulyinternationalevent. The symposium brought together architects, engineers, scientists, re- searchersandpractitioners.Oneofthestatedgoalsofthesymposiumwasto transfer new ideas, gained from laboratory research and field work, to the studyofsealantandadhesivedurabilityandthedevelopmentofnewprod- ucts and test methods. Of course the symposium did not provide all of the answers. However, it did provide an excellent forum for international ex- perts to discuss their experiences in durability testing and assessment as well as in the application of building and construction sealants and adhe- sives.Perhapsthegreatestvalueofthesesymposialiesinthesediscussions andinthedisseminationoftheresultinginformation. ThecurrentseriesofASTMsymposiaonDurabilityofBuildingandCon- struction Sealants andAdhesives is a continuation of tri-annual symposia thatwereinauguratedbytheRILEMTechnicalCommittee139-DBSDura- bilityofBuildingSealantsin1994.Today,thiscontinuingseriesofsymposia providesthebestscientificforumgloballyinthebuildingandconstruction industry for peer-reviewed papers on all aspects of sealant and adhesive durability.Furthermore,datapresentedatthosesymposiaoverthepast15 years have been the single most important factor influencingASTM Inter- national and ISO standards as well as RILEM technical recommendations relatedtoconstructionsealantdurability. The increased utilization of sustainable construction practice, i.e., de- signingfordurabilitybyutilizingbuildingscienceandlifecycleanalysisas its foundation, as well as mandatory government regulations, such as the EuropeanConstructionProductsDirective,haveelevatedtheimportanceof the durability and service life performance of building and construction sealants and adhesives. All products, not just those involved in safety- critical applications, must demonstrate the durability of their fitness for purpose.Lifecyclecostingconsiderationsincreasinglydriveinvestmentde- cisions toward products and systems with longer service life cycles and lowermaintenancecosts. vii Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue May 6 11:22:28 EDT 2014 Downloaded/printed by Rochester Institute Of Technology pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. Againstabackgroundofnationalandinternationaleffortstoharmonize testing and approval of building materials and structures,ASTM Interna- tionalandRILEMhavebeenlookingforwaysofbringingtogethertheexpe- rience of international experts gathered in the application and testing of buildingandconstructionsealantsandadhesives. As with most scientific disciplines, substantial advances often occur through a series of incremental steps by individual laboratories, each con- tributing pieces of the puzzle, rather than in giant leaps. This is also the caseforthepaperspresentedattheASTMInternationalSymposiumonDu- rability of Building and Construction Sealants and Adhesives (2008- DBCSA).Manyofthepapersreflectprogressreportsonon-goingresearch. At the 2008-DBCSA symposium, we saw several examples of the steady progressbeingmadebyleveragingthesescientificadvancesintoanewgen- erationoftestmethods. Thisbookcontains19paperspresentedatthesymposiumandtwopapers submitted only for publication in the proceedings, all of which were previ- ously published by the Journal ofASTM International (JAI). JAI is an on- line, peer-reviewed journal for the international scientific and engineering community.PublicationinJAIallowsrapiddisseminationofthepapersas soon as they become available, while publication in this Special Technical Publication(STP)isintendedtoprovideeasyaccesstothecondensedinfor- mationinasinglevolumeforfuturereference.Thecontributionscondensed inthisSTPvolumerepresentstate-of-the-artresearchintosealantandad- hesivedurabilityandreflectthevaryingbackgrounds,experiences,profes- sions,andgeographiclocationsoftheauthors.Thefollowingmajorthemes areevidentinthiscollection: (cid:127)LaboratoryTestingandSpecializedOutdoorExposureTesting (cid:127) Factors Influencing the Durability of Sealed Joints and Adhesive Fixa- tions (cid:127)DevelopmentofNewTestMethodsandPerformance-BasedSpecifications (cid:127)FieldExperiencewithSealedJointsandAdhesiveFixations BelowisashortoverviewofthepapersthatwerepublishedinJAIinthe abovefourcategories. LaboratoryTestingandSpecializedOutdoorExposureTesting While our understanding of the factors influencing the durability of sealed joints and adhesive fixations has progressed substantially over the past decades, there is still much to be learned. Various laboratory acceler- ated tests have been developed over the years to generate durability data andtoduplicatethefailuremodesoccurringinfieldexposureswiththein- tenttopredicttheservicelifeofsealedjointsandadhesivefixationsinless thanrealtime.However,sealantsandadhesiveshavebeenreportedtofail prematurely in the field even though they may have performed satisfacto- rilywhenevaluatedwiththeselaboratorytestprotocols.Extensiveresearch efforts are underway to develop laboratory accelerated test protocols that viii Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue May 6 11:22:28 EDT 2014 Downloaded/printed by Rochester Institute Of Technology pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. providebettercorrelationwithactualoutdoorexposureandin-fieldservice performance.Anumberofpapersthereforefocusonthistopic. In their paper, Pozzi, Carcano, and Ausilio report on an attempt at finding a correlation between environmental and accelerated RILEM TC139-DBS weathering for one-component polyurethane sealants applied on mortar. Half of the set of specimens is exposed for 24 months in static conditions (no movement) to the outdoor environment in the urban area of Milan,Italy,whiletheotherhalfissubjectedtoacceleratedweatheringac- cordingtotheRILEMTC139-DBSprocedureinalight-exposureapparatus (xenon-arc type) with water spray and intermittent periods of thermo- mechanical cycling. Based on the visual inspection of the surface changes thatoccurredinbothsetsofspecimens,theauthorsfindagoodcorrelation betweentheresultsobtainedinoutdoorexposureandthoseobservedafter the RILEM durability cycling. The results demonstrate the importance of achieving an appropriate mix of synergistically acting aging factors in the artificialweatheringprotocol.Potentiallyevenbettercorrelationmayhave beenexpected,iftheoutdoorweatheringwasalsocarriedoutwithsimulta- neous enforced movement in order to induce cyclic fatigue deformation on thespecimens.Theauthorsplansuchevaluationsforthefuture. Joint sealants decisively influence the performance and service life of pavements although they account for only a small fraction of the total in- vestment.Motivatedbythedamagesobservedandtheresulting,increasing maintenance efforts, the Federal German government recognizes the need for performance-evaluated joint sealing systems with improved capability (fitness for purpose) and durability. In contrast to the existing, predomi- nantlyempiricalevaluationandselectionofjointsealingmaterialsandsys- tems for pavements, Recknagel and Pirskawetz suggest a methodology aimed at verifying performance under superimposed mechanical and cli- maticloads.Thefatiguebehaviorofthejointsealantsisdetectedbyanalysis of the cycle-dependent changes in the mechanical system characteristics. Theevaluationmethodologyfurtherallowsinvestigationofthedegradation mechanismsofspecificsystemfailuresand,thus,enablesservicelifepredic- tionbyreproducingtheperformanceofthecompletesystemunderrealistic conditions.Constructionaldefectsandmaterialflawscanbeinvestigatedby this performance-related test methodology, thus allowing identification of possibleimprovementstomaterialselectionandapplicationprocedures. Long-term weather resistance is an important factor to consider when selectingasealantproductforuseinexteriorweather-sealingapplications. BullandLucasintheirpapercomparethelong-termperformanceofcon- structionsealantproductsbasedonsiliconepolymer,polyurethanepolymer, and acrylic terpolymer after a 22-year exposure to outdoor weathering in southFlorida.Thepapershowsthatchangesinperformanceattributessuch as the toughness, flexibility, and adhesion of the products are good indica- tors of the physical and chemical degradation (i.e., reversion, cracking, hardening,etc.)occurringinoutdoorexposure. ix Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue May 6 11:22:28 EDT 2014 Downloaded/printed by Rochester Institute Of Technology pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.