Duplex Regnum Christi Studies in Reformed Theology Editor-in-Chief Eddy Van der Borght (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) Editorial Board Abraham van de Beek (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) Martien Brinkman (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) George Harinck (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) Dirk van Keulen (Theological University, Kampen) Daniel Migliore (Princeton Theological Seminary) Richard Mouw (Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena) Emanuel Gerrit Singgih (Duta Wacana Christian University, Yogjakarta) Pieter Vos (Protestant Theological University, Amsterdam) Conrad Wethmar (University of Pretoria) volume 40 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/srt Duplex Regnum Christi Christ’s Twofold Kingdom in Reformed Theology By Jonathon D. Beeke LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: Chess pieces on a chessboard. © Alessandro Di Iulio Moreira Quevedo de Oliveira / Alamy Stock Photo. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Beeke, Jonathon D., author. Title: Duplex regnum Christi : Christ’s twofold kingdom in reformed theology / by Jonathon D. Beeke. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2020. | Series: Studies in reformed theology, 1571–4799 ; volume 40 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020030447 (print) | LCCN 2020030448 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004440661 (paperback) | ISBN 9789004440678 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Two kingdoms (Lutheran theology) | Reformed churches—History of doctrines. Classification: LCC BR333.5.P3 B44 2020 (print) | LCC BR333.5.P3 (ebook) | DDC 230/.42—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020030447 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020030448 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1571-4799 ISBN 978-90-04-44066-1 (paperback) ISBN 978-90-04-44067-8 (e-book) Copyright 2021 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. 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To my wife, Allyson Tu supergressa es universas ∵ Contents Acknowledgments xi Abbreviations xiii 1 Introduction, Historical Method, and Statement of the Argument 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Overview of Secondary Scholarship 2 1.2.1 Scholarship on the Two Kingdoms within Lutheranism 2 1.2.2 Scholarship on the Two Kingdoms within the Reformed Tradition 7 1.3 Relevance of This Study 12 1.4 Research Questions 14 1.5 Method of Investigation and Outline of Study 15 1.6 Statement of the Argument 19 part 1 Early Magisterial Reformers and the Duplex Regnum Christi 2 Laying the Patristic and Medieval Foundation 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 John Chrysostom: “The Scripture Acknowledges Two Kingdoms of God” 26 2.3 Augustine of Hippo: An Eschatological Tension between Two Cities 29 2.4 Pope Boniface VIII and the Medieval Two-Swords Construct: Spiritual and Temporal Authority 33 2.5 Thomas Aquinas: “That the Office of Governing the Kingdom Should Be Learned from the Divine Government” 34 2.6 William of Ockham 36 2.7 Conclusion 38 3 Martin Luther and the Two-Kingdoms Doctrine 40 3.1 Introduction 40 3.2 Luther and the Two Kingdoms: A Conceptual Framework 42 3.2.1 Terminological Considerations and Three Dualities 42 3.2.2 Further Conceptual Considerations 46 viii Contents 3.3 Luther and the Two Kingdoms: Temporal Authority (1523) 49 3.4 Luther on the Two Kingdoms and the Created Order 55 3.5 Conclusion 64 4 Martin Bucer and John Calvin on Christ’s Kingdom 66 4.1 Introduction 66 4.2 Martin Bucer: De Regno Christi 68 4.2.1 Bucer’s Terminology and Its Significance 70 4.2.2 Points of Commonality and Distinction and the Role of the Magistrate in Restoring Christ’s Kingdom 71 4.3 The Twofold Kingdom of Christ in Calvin’s Thought: The Institutes 75 4.3.1 Calvin on the Twofold Kingdom: The Institutes (1536) 77 4.3.2 Calvin on the Twofold Kingdom: The Institutes (1559) 84 4.4 Calvin on the State of Sinless Adam 87 4.5 Calvin’s Twofold Kingdom: Consistent or Confused Application? 93 4.6 Conclusion 99 part 2 Development of the Duplex Regnum Christi in Reformed Orthodoxy 5 Introducing Terms and Concepts 105 5.1 Introduction 105 5.2 Terminological Considerations and Key Concepts 106 5.2.1 Regnum essentiale and regnum mediatorium 107 5.2.2 Other Terms Relating to the regnum essentiale and regnum mediatorium 108 5.2.3 A Threefold Kingdom of Power, Grace, and Glory 110 5.2.4 Further Variations 113 5.3 Placement of the Duplex Regnum Christi in Theological Systems 115 5.4 An “In-House” Debate 116 5.5 Conclusion 118 6 The Duplex Regnum Christi in Reformed Orthodoxy: Leiden as Representative Center 119 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Contextual Considerations 121 Contents ix 6.2.1 Leiden: Brief Sixteenth-Century Civic History 121 6.2.2 Leiden University as an Intellectual Center of Reformed Orthodoxy 124 6.3 Franciscus Junius on the Twofold Kingdom of Christ 125 6.3.1 Exegetical Grounding: Junius’s Sacred Parallels 126 6.3.2 Junius’s Polemical Use of the Duplex Regnum 129 6.3.3 The Duplex Regnum in Junius’s Theological Theses 131 6.4 Scholastic Disputations at Leiden University and the Duplex Regnum Christi 135 6.4.1 The Nature and Use of Scholastic Disputations at Leiden University 135 6.4.2 The Duplex Regnum as Expressed Elsewhere in the Synopsis 137 6.4.3 Walaeus’s Disputation on the Session of Christ and the Duplex Regnum 139 6.4.4 The Duplex Regnum as Expressed Elsewhere in Walaeus’s Theology 145 6.5 Conclusion 149 7 The Duplex Regnum Christi in Reformed Orthodoxy: Geneva as Representative Center 150 7.1 Introduction 150 7.2 Contextual Considerations 151 7.2.1 Geneva: Prior to 1536 151 7.2.2 Geneva: 1536–1603 153 7.2.3 Geneva: 1603–1685 155 7.3 Francis Turretin on the Twofold Kingdom of Christ 157 7.3.1 Francis Turretin (1623–1687): Biography 157 7.3.2 Turretin and the Duplex Regnum Christi 160 7.3.3 Turretin’s Twofold Kingdom and Federal Theology 168 7.3.4 Relating Turretin’s Twofold Kingdom and Federal Theology 177 7.3.5 Concluding Remarks on Turretin’s Use of the Duplex Regnum 179 7.4 Bénédict Pictet and the Twofold Kingdom of Christ 180 7.5 Conclusion 182 x Contents 8 The Duplex Regnum Christi in Reformed Orthodoxy: Edinburgh as Representative Center 183 8.1 Introduction 183 8.2 Contextual Considerations 185 8.2.1 1567–1637: Struggles between Presbytery and Prelacy 186 8.2.2 1637–1651: Period of the Second Reformation 187 8.2.3 1651–1660: The Church of Scotland under the Commonwealth 189 8.3 Edinburgh University 189 8.4 Johannes Scharpius and the Twofold Kingdom of Christ 191 8.4.1 The Twofold Kingdom of Christ in Cursus Theologicus: De Christi Officio 192 8.4.2 The Twofold Kingdom of Christ in Cursus Theologicus: De Ecclesia Militante 197 8.4.3 Analysis of Sharp’s Presentation of the Duplex Regnum 198 8.5 David Dickson and the Twofold Kingdom of Christ 199 8.5.1 An Exposition of All St. Paul’s Epistles 201 8.5.2 The Summe of Saving Knowledge 206 8.5.3 Truth’s Victory over Error 209 8.6 Conclusion 213 9 Conclusion 215 9.1 Restatement of Argument 215 9.2 Summary of Findings 216 9.3 Reassessment of Secondary Literature 220 9.4 Conclusion 226 Bibliography 227 Primary Sources 227 Secondary Sources 235 Index 248