Dungeon, Fire, & Sword The Knights Templar in the Crusades JOHN J. ROBINSON SOLDIERS OF GOD With more colorful characters and startling plot twists than the most dramatic of novels, John J. Robinson's Dungeon, Fire, & Sword immerses the reader in an historical era where the blood flows freely, tribal antagonisms run deep, and betrayal lurks around every corner. The time is the Crusades and the place is the Middle East, where a fearless band of monk-warriors called the Knights Templar have vowed to protect Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land. The story of their faith and courage— and the horrors of their ultimate betrayal—has resonated throughout history. A vivid and gripping account of that incredible time, Dungeon, Fire, & Sword is a brilliant work of narrative history. • Separates fact from the large amount of fiction that surrounds the Knights Templar. • Offers valuable insights into the people and politics of the Middle East that are strikingly relevant today. • Filled with famous figures such as Richard the Lionhearted, St. Francis of Assisi, St. Thomas Aquinas, Marco Polo, and Genghis Khan. • Explores the question of missing Templar treasure and whether a secret succession of underground grand masters exists to this day. "Long on enthusiasm and colorful narrative...it is high adventure." — The New York Times Book Review "A dramatic, gripping history of the Knights Templar... Rich in human incident." —Publishers Weekly (starred review) 'Robinson's account ...serves as a reminder that history can be more enthralling than even the most imaginative fiction." —Booklist (starred review) "A fascinating history of an incredible time." —The Washington Times Filled with bloody battles, brutal torture, and extraordinary feats of courage and faith, John J. Robinson's Dungeon, Fire, & Sword tells the stirring story of one of the worlds most famous military orders— the Knights Templar. For nearly two hundred years during the Crusades, this extraordinary group of monk-warriors waged war against Muslims in the Holy Land. Fearless fighters, the Knights amassed great power and wealth over the years, but were ultimately betrayed by the papacy—the very office that had personally protected them for so long. In fluid and gripping prose, John J. Robinson captures all the emotion and excitement of the great Crusades as he describes the origin, the exploits, and the ultimate demise of the Knights Templar. Formed shortly after the First Crusade, the group began humbly when nine men took sacred vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, and dedicated their entire lives to serving the True Cross. At first they just guarded the pilgrim roads to Jerusalem, but over the years the Knights became the largest standing army in the Christian kingdom. Over twenty thousand military monks fought and died crossing swords with Muslim "infidels." Their selfless dedication earned them a flood of gifts, including vast estates and castles. But once the Crusades were lost, so was the Knights' purpose. Their wealth, however, remained. Motivated in part by envy and greed, the Church issued a papal bull ordering all members of the military order arrested, tortured, and executed by the Inquisition. During one terrible morning in Paris, fifty-four Templars were burned alive. Interwoven with the incredible story of the Knights is a fascinating history of the Holy Land, its people, and its politics. As he brings the Middle East vividly to life, the author provides fresh understanding of its inhabitants, including the Sunnis and the Shiites, the Kurds and the Egyptians, and the Arabs and the Turks. The result is a breathtaking tapestry of the world at the time of the Crusades, as rich and colorful as the most imaginative fiction. A former Marine, farmer, and business executive, John J. Robinson is the author of the provocative medieval history Born in Blood. During his lifetime he was a member of the Medieval Academy of America, The Organization of American Historians, and the Royal Overseas League of London. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ix PART ONE: The First Crusade and the Birth of the Temple 1. Holy War (1052 to 1099) 3 2. The Kingdom of Jerusalem (1100 to 1118) 19 3. The Knights of the Temple (1118 to 1139) 32 4. Allahu Akbar! 52 PART TWO: At War in the Holy Land 5. St. Bernard's Crusade (1126 to 1148) 73 6. The Breach at Ascalon (1149 to 1162) 90 7. The Coming of Saladin (1163 to 1174) 105 8. The Horns of Hattin (1174 to 1187) 128 9. The Fall of Jerusalem (1187) 150 10. Frederick Barbarossa (1187 to 1190) 158 11. The Lion Heart (1190 to 1191) 171 12. Impasse (1191 to 1192) 184 13. The Sons of Saladin (1193 to 1199) 198 14. A Crusade Against Christians (1200 to 1204) 210 15. The Albigensian Crusade (1205 to 1214) 221 16. A Cardinal Sin (1215 to 1229) 235 17. The Emperor Frederick (1221 to 1229) 252 18. The Disorder of the Temple (1229 to 1239) 267 19. Tibald of Champagne (1239 to 1240) 275 20. Triumph and Tragedy (1241 to 1247) 284 21. The Man Who Would Be Saint (1244 to1250) 296 22. King-of-the-Hill (1250 to 1261) 314 23. The Khan of Khans (1167 to 1260) 327 24. The Revenge of Baibars (1260 to 1274) 346 25. The Pope of Good Intentions (1271 to 1274) 360 26. A Kingdom Coming Apart (1275 to 1289) 373 27. The Fall of Acre (1289 to 1291) 391 28. "Jesus Wept" (1292 to 1305) 405 PART THREE: Torture and Trial 29. Friday the Thirteenth (1306 to 1307) 423 30. A Faith to Die For (1307 to 1311) 435 31. The Destruction of the Temple (1311 to1314) 453 32. Legacy 470 Lists of Templar Grand Masters, Popes, Kings of Jerusalem, France, England, Germany, and Holy Roman Emperors 477 BIBLIOGRAPHY 479 INDEX 483 "Faith of our fathers, living still In spite of dungeon, fire and sword... " FREDERICK W. FABER (1814-1863) See map following page 240, Crusades Up the Nile (Chapters 16 and 21). See map following page 392, The Siege of Acre 1291 (Chapter 27). Introduction ANYONE WHO BELIEVES that historical research is drudgery has never delved into the past of the military monastic order known as the Knights Templar. Its story in the great Crusades, even when re- counted by somber church chroniclers, is high adventure. The order was organized in the aftermath of the First Crusade, when a small band of knights took vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience to dedicate their entire lives to the protection of pilgrims to the Holy Land. At first they just guarded the pilgrim roads to Jerusalem, but over the years they grew to become the largest standing army in the Christian kingdom. They took their name from their headquarters in a captured mosque built on the site of the ancient Temple of Solomon, on the Temple Mount in the Holy City. Their selfless dedication earned the approval of all Christendom. Saint Bernard of Clairvaux became their most enthusiastic cham- pion, and soon a flood of gifts enriched the Knights Templar with manors, mills, and markets throughout Europe, along with vast estates and castles in the Holy Land. Predictably, their pride quickly grew to match their wealth. In time, the prelates and princes who had once extolled the Templar virtues became jealous of the treasure that the order had accumulated—in such abundance that the employment of its surplus funds had made the Knights Templar the major bankers of the Christian world. The Templars operated under the personal protection of the popes so long as the struggle for the Holy Places of Jesus Christ continued, as it did for almost two hundred years. Over twenty thousand military monks fought and died in the sacred quest. Even a number of the order's grand masters died on the battlefields, where x the Knights Templar crossed swords with Turks and Kurds, Arabs and Egyptians. As the invading Christians were ultimately pushed back to the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, there were countless awesome examples of courage and faith. After the loss of one of their inland castles, the Templar garrison was offered life and freedom if the knights would abandon Christianity to embrace Islam. All of them, over two hundred Knights of the Temple, chose to kneel before their Muslim executioners and lose their heads, rather than lose their faith. As Christians were forced out of one walled city after another, and eventually out of the Holy Land altogether, the Templars were the last to leave. They had castles that the Muslims never succeeded in taking, but in the end there were no Christian pilgrims for them to protect, no Crusader leaders to support. They simply abandoned their last fortresses. Once the Crusades were lost, the Templar purpose was lost, although much of the order's wealth remained. With their own coffers drained through incessant wars, Christian monarchs looked at the Templar treasure with envy, but none with more aggressive greed than Philip IV of France. In league with Clement V, a French pope largely under his con- trol, Philip plotted to bring down the Templar order with charges of heresy, the one crime that would permit confiscation of its extensive properties. To implement his plan, King Philip ordered the arrest of every Templar in France at the same time, at dawn on Friday the Thirteenth in October of 1307. The agonizing torture to extract confessions of heresy began that same unlucky day. A papal bull went out to all the Catholic monarchs, commanding them to arrest and torture the Knights Templar within their domains. Some obeyed, some flouted the pope's orders, and some had their local Templars tried and found innocent, but by then the venerable military order was effectively shattered. Templars who retracted the confessions made under torture were judged to be "relapsed heretics," eligible to be burned at the stake. Fifty-four Templars were burned alive on one morning in Paris. Years of imprisonment and torture by the Inquisition went by, until Pope Clement V officially disbanded the Knights of the Temple in 1312. Their grand master, Jacques de Molay, was held in miserable confinement for two more years in Paris, then led in chains to a high platform in front of the majestic cathedral of Notre Dame. He was ordered to make his confessions of guilt to the crowds of assembled clergy, nobles, and commoners who had been gathered to hear him. Instead, the aging, courageous grand master seized the moment to shout out the innocence of the Knights Templar. He was xi hustled from the platform by his enraged captors, to be burned at the stake before the day was over. Even as the executioners lit the wood piled at his feet, de Molay continued to cry out the innocence of his order. Legend has it that he also cried out a curse on Pope Clement V and King Philip IV, calling on them to meet him at the throne of God before the year was out. Both pope and king died within weeks, giving strength to that legend, which was only the first of many. Succeeding generations speculated on the whereabouts of missing Templar treasure, their missing ships, the fugitive knights who had eluded their captors and were never found. Stories grew of clandestine bands of surviving Templars, of other Templar knights who fought for Robert Bruce against Edward II of England, even of a secret succession of underground grand masters that allegedly exists to this day. Templar memory has been embellished or sullied by centuries of writers. The medieval minnesinger Wolfram von Eschenbach gave the Templars a role in the legend of the Holy Grail. Sir Walter Scott cast them as sinister villains. A book published during the last decade speculated on the Templars as the guardians of a holy royal bloodline emanating from Jesus Christ. A recent novel from Italy finds a secret society founded by the Templars that is plotting to rule the world. With such continuing interest, which all too often shrouds the Templars in an aura of myth and magic their story does not require, there appears to be a need for a factual narrative history of the ancient order. I have chosen to concentrate this book on the warrior- monks in their role as warriors, not as monks, and even less as bankers and farmers. One Templar said it for me when he expressed his frustration at being in Britain instead of Bethlehem: "We are preceptors of sheep!" He wanted to be at the center of action in the Holy Land, and so do we. The essence of the Knights Templar lies in their adventures in the Crusader states, not in raising barley in Britain or grapes in Gascony, nor even in their part in the wars against the Moors in Iberia. To put the Templars in a crusading context it is necessary to fit them in with the people and politics of the Middle East, the men they fought with and the men they fought against. The story is filled with familiar peoples such as the Armenians and Georgians, the Druzes of Lebanon and the Azeri Turks of Azerbaijan. Familiar men are there: Richard the Lion Heart of England, St. Louis of France, Frederick Barbarossa of Germany. Even St. Francis of Assisi is there, as he joins a crusading army in Egypt—neither the first nor the last to believe that a reasonable man can bring peace to the Middle East in friendly discussions. Marco Polo arrives to ask for holy oil from the Church of the Holy Sepulcher to take as a gift