http://wstiac.alionscience.com/quarterly PreparedbytheDoDEnergySecurityTaskForce OfficeoftheUnderSecretaryofDefense(Acquisition,Technology,andLogistics) INTRODUCTION Figure 1 shows a breakdown of DoD energy consumption in Energyisastrategicresourcethathassignificantsecurity,econom- FY07.Logisticsconvoysalongvulnerablelinesofcommunication ic,geo-strategicandenvironmentalimplicationsforthenationand are prime targets for insurgent forces. Protecting these convoys important operational implications for imposes a high burden on combat “Wewillalwaysfieldthefinestfightingforce the Department of Defense (DoD). forcesbydivertingcombatunitsfrom intheworld…butthatforceisextraordinarily The focus of the DoD, like much of directengagementtoforceprotection energydependent…andunfortunately,we the nation, is to reduce demand missions.The strategic importance of maybelearningthewronglessonsinthe through culture change and increased MiddleEastwherefuelisreadilyavailable. energy security is well appreciated by efficiency. The DoD is undertaking Weneedalternativesolutions.” decision-makers. However, energy is numerous initiatives and activities to FormerDeputySecretaryofDefense, also tactically relevant as exemplified promote energy savings and energy GordonEngland duringOperationsIraqiFreedomand efficiencyacrosstheDepartment.This Enduring Freedom, and field com- articlepresentsanoverviewofsomeoftheseefforts. manders are looking to the Department and Services to provide battlefield solutions that reduce vulnerability while increasing ENERGYISALIMITINGFACTOR capability. Theintensityofday-to-dayfueldemandinIraqandAfghanistan From a tactical or operational perspective, reducing fuel isgreaterthaninanywarinhistory.Infiscalyear(FY)2007,The demandcanremoveconvoysfromthebattlespace,reduceopera- DoD’stotalenergycostsexceeded$13billion,andanadditional tional vulnerability, and free combat forces for other missions. $5billionwasrequestedinFY2008tocoverincreasedfuelcosts. More efficient combat and combat-related systems inherently have greater endurance, extending the battlespace by enabling DoDConsumption(byBTUs) forces to travel longer distances and remain concealed longer without refueling. From the Departmental force planning per- spective,greaterenergyefficiencyintheforceprovidestheoption Mobility 75% (aircraft,ships, of either reducing the size of the fuel logistics force structure vehicles) 3% Buildings24% (move people and investment from the “tail” to the “tooth”), or maintainingmorereservelogisticscapacitytoreducefutureoper- ational risks. Finally, greater fuel efficiency in the force reduces Excluded direct operating costs, mitigating the budget effects caused by 1.5% MarineDiesel11% commoditypricevolatility. FullyBurdenedCostofFuel Electricity12% JetFuel53% In2001,aDefenseScienceBoard(DSB)taskforceestimatedthe FuelOil3% minimumcostofdeliveringover-landfuelinacombatzonetobe $15pergallonwithoutincludingforceprotection,andthecostof NaturalGas8% delivering a gallon of fuel through an airborne tanker at $26 Coal2% Stream1% (excluding the cost of buying the aircraft).These estimates were AutoDiesel AutoGas Other0.2% basedonacommoditypriceatthetimeoflessthanninetycents 8% 1% pergallonforfuel.In2006,theJASON*Defenseadvisorygroup Figure1.DoDFY07energyconsumption. estimated the cost of delivering a gallon of fuel via an airborne http://wstiac.alionscience.com TheWSTIACQuarterly,Volume9,Number1 3 http://wstiac.alionscience.com/quarterly Report Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 01 JAN 2009 N/A - 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Department of Defense Energy Security Initiatives 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION DoD Energy Security Task Force, Washington, DC REPORT NUMBER 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) Defense Technical Information Center, Ft Belvoir, VA 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release, distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The original document contains color images. 14. ABSTRACT Energy is a strategic resource that has significant security, economic, geo-strategic and environmental implications for the nation and important operational implications for the Department of Defense (DoD). The focus of the DoD, like much of the nation, is to reduce demand through culture change and increased efficiency. The DoD is undertaking numerous initiatives and activities to promote energy savings and energy efficiency across the Department. This article presents an overview of some of these efforts. 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE UU 8 unclassified unclassified unclassified Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18 http://wstiac.alionscience.com/quarterly tanker,includingasmallproportionofthecostoftheaircraft,at • TacticalPowerSystemsandGenerators approximately $42 per gallon. The term coined to capture this • GeopoliticalConsiderations morerealisticcostofdeliveredfuelintheaterisfullyburdenedcost The Energy Security Strategic Plan lays out four higher level of fuel (FBCF).The FBCF (vice fuel-only costs) will be used as goalsthatcutacrossthesefunctionalareasanddescribeadesired partofthecostanalysisconductedfornewacquisitionprograms, futurestatefortheDepartmentwithrespecttoenergy. as well as in retrofit, reconstitution, or upgrades that are being 1.ReduceDemand considered. Efforts are currently underway to more accurately 2.AssureSupply quantify FBCF for various types of systems in a range of appro- 3.ImproveProcesses priate scenarios. This will support both smarter force planning 4.EstablishandMonitorEnergyMetrics andtechnologydevelopmentinvestment. Goal1:ReduceDemand DefenseEnergySecurityTaskForce In order to enhance mission effectiveness, the systemic demand In May 2006, the Secretary of Defense commissioned the for fuel from DoD platforms, weapons, and fixed and tactical Director, Defense Research and Engineering to chair the Energy installationsmustbereduced.TheDoDisexploringandimple- Security Task Force (ESTF) to define an actionable investment menting technologies that would reduce energy consumption. roadmapforloweringDoD’sfossilfuelrequirementsanddevelop- The installations community has made significant progress in ingalternatefuelsforusebytheDepartment.TheESTFiscom- reducing energy consumption (over 30% since 1985). In FY prised of senior leaders from across the Department with a stake 2007, the Department reduced energy usage by over 10% from in energy, including: requirements development, technology, the 2003 baseline and has a mandate to continue reducing con- acquisition, logistics, installations and environment, policy, and sumption by three percent per year through 2015. This will be the budget. By taking a systems approach, integrating different accomplished through a variety of technologies such as sustain- functional areas, the indirect and potentially negative unintended able design, which will reduce life cycle costs. For platforms, consequencesofvariouscoursesofactioncanbebetterunderstood, efforts cover a variety of technical areas, including lightweight therebyimprovingdecisionmakingfortheDepartment. materials and armor, novel structural shapes and more UnderscoringtheimportanceofenergytotheDepartment,the efficient powerplants (engines, motors, power storage, etc.), to Secretary of Defense designated Energy Initiatives as one of the identifywaystoreducefuelconsumptionaffordablyandsustain- Department’s Top 25 Transformational Priorities, and the mili- ably,whilesustaining(orenhancing)operationalcapability. tary departments have established energy leads and task forces, Facilities responsibleforoverseeingallenergyefforts.TheDoDiscurrent- The DoD established an Executive Committee, led by the ly working to better understand the value of energy in terms of Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Installations and costandoperationalcapability,andtomodifybusinessprocesses Environment,toaddressthegoalssetforthinrecentfederalener- tomoreaccuratelyintegratethosevaluesintodecisionsthataffect gyguidance,includingtheEnergyPolicyActof2005,Executive requirementsplanning,acquisitionandfundingpriorities. Order 13423: “Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy, andTransportationManagement”andtheEnergyIndependence ENERGYSECURITYINITIATIVESANDACCOMPLISHMENTS andSecurityActof2007.TheExecutiveCommitteeiscoordinat- The DoD is actively focused on initiatives to reduce energy ingandprioritizingtheseinitiativesandisservingasaconduitto demand, increase alternative sources of energy, and ensure the the Energy SecurityTask Force for installation and environmen- energy is delivered reliably and efficiently. Although the DoD’s talenergyissues. emphasis is on addressing energy security, many of these initia- tivesmayalsobenefittheenvironmentthroughincreasedproduc- Net-Zero Plus Initiative at the National Training Center (NTC), tionofrenewableenergy,improveduseofresourcesanddisposal Fort Irwin, California.NTC is currently exploring the feasibility ofwasteproducts,andreducedgreenhousegasemissions. of removing their facilities completely from the electric grid and could have the potential to sell “green” energy back to the DoDEnergySecurityStrategicPlan California grid.The Army has named Fort Irwin as a Net-Zero To provide a coherent direction across the spectrum of energy PlusInstallation. issues, the ESTF is finalizing a DoD-wide Energy Security Efficient technologies for housing demonstration, Fort Belvoir, StrategicPlantoaddresstheissuesandfocusthemyriadenergy Virginia. The Power Surety Task Force and the Army’s Rapid organizations that control and are impacted by energy Equipping Force are demonstrating spray foam insulation (see variables. The plan will establish actionable policies, practices Figure 2) and a solar power and storage system in Fort Belvoir andmetrics,andwillrequireaccountabilitytosecureenterprise- housing. The Fort Belvoir demonstration includes a “control” widebuy-in. case(withnonewenergytechnologies)andwilltesttheeffective- The ESTF assessed energy consumption of platforms and nessofseveraltechnologiesinthreeadditionalhouses,eachwith facilities, identified the largest energy users, and developed an successively more energy technologies. This $115,000 demon- overarchingstrategythataddressessixfunctionalareas: stration will provide data to determine the most cost effective • FuelOptimizationforMobilityPlatforms combinationofinsulationandsolarcells. • OperationalEfficiencies/Optimization andCommercialPractices PentagonWedge5Renovation.†ThePentagonRenovationsoffice • FacilityEnergyInitiatives has approved the use of LED light fixtures in place of the • DomesticEnergySupplyandDistribution fluorescent and other lights used in the previous renovated 4 TheAMMTIACQuarterly,Volume4,Number1 http://ammtiac.alionscience.com http://wstiac.alionscience.com/quarterly http://wstiac.alionscience.com/quarterly wedges. The effort involves 4,200 thisdemonstrationwastoprovideforaffordablepersistentsurveil- light fixtures, each of which uses lance using the latest energy efficient aviation technologies. approximately 20 W less energy, Although the preliminary design yielding a total energy savings of reviewfoundthebudgetwasinsuffi- 376,000 kWh/year (i.e., for one-fifth cienttobuildanddemonstrateafly- of the Pentagon). The fixtures are ingprototype,insightsfromthispro- expected to last about 11.5 years, gram may be integrated into other resulting in a net savings of about $4 ongoing UAV programs, including millionoverthelifeofthefixtures. theArmy’sOrionprogram. To provide extended intelligence, Platforms surveillance and reconnaissance Fuel efficiency for turbine engines. The mission capability, the Naval Re- Figure2.Installingfoam Highly Efficient Embedded Turbine search Laboratory (NRL) is devel- insulationonhouses atFt.Belvoir. Engine (HEETE) initiative, part of opingafuelcellpoweredUAVwith the Versatile Affordable Advanced aprojectedenduranceexceeding24 Turbine Engine (VAATE) program, is developing high-pressure hours operation on hydrogen gas. ratio, high temperature core technology, with the potential to The UAV and fuel cell are being reducespecificfuelconsumptionupto25%overcurrentsystems. designed as an integrated package, HEETE is addressing the highest technical risk element in new andtheprojectisplannedforcom- engine development – the high pressure compressor component pletionin2009. development.ThecurrentscheduleincludesarigtestinFY2010, There are also two Joint demonstrating a technology readiness level of four or five in a Capability Technology Demon- Figure3.Dieselhybridvehicle laboratory or relevant environment. These technologies are stration (JCTD) programs investi- testingatHickamAFB. applicabletoallturbineenginesandcouldbeusedincommercial gatingevenlongerflighttimes.TheGlobalObserverJCTDwill aircraft. demonstratealiquidhydrogenpoweredunmannedaerialvehicle, usingamodified,off-the-shelfinternalcombustionengine,capa- EfficientenginesforUnmannedAerialVehicles(UAVs)andgenera- tors. The Small Heavy Fueled Engine demonstration is a three bleofflyingextremelylongendurance,upto7days,withamod- yearprogram,initiatedinFY2008,andisanticipatedtoincrease eratelysizedpayloadcapacityatanaltitudeof55-65,000ft.The fuel efficiency and power density by 20% for UAVs and genera- Zephyr JCTD will demonstrate and transition into service a tors.Thethreeenginesassessedinthedemonstrationwilloperate solar-poweredunmannedaerialvehiclecapableofflyingcontinu- onheavyfuelssuchasJP-8,therebyreducingthenumberofdif- ous operations for months at a time using solar power plus bat- ferentfuelsusedonthebattlefieldandreducingthestrainonthe teriesforcontinualday/nightoperations. logisticstail. OperationalEfficiencies Testing fuel efficient equipment on ground vehicles. The Fuel TheESTFisworkingwiththeCombatantCommanderstounder- EfficientDemonstrator(FED)istestingthefeasibilityandafford- stand their energy needs and concerns, which vary in priority abilityofachievingsignificantdecreasesinfuelconsumptionina amongthedifferentcommands.Forexample,CentralCommand tacticalvehicle,withoutsacrificingtheperformanceorcapability. is primarily concerned with the dangers of inefficient fuel move- This program is integrating potentially high-payoff fuel efficient menttoforwardoperatingbases,whiletheEuropeanCommandis technologies, like efficient propulsion and drivelines, and focused on the security aspects associated with energy suppliers advanced lightweight materials in new and innovative designs. using energy as a way to exert influence over other nations. The Successful technologies may be incorporated in future procure- newly formed Africa Command is looking for sustainable energy mentsfortheJointLightTacticalVehicle(JLTV). capabilitiesforsecuritycooperationtoenablepowergenerationor fuelgenerationinremoteand/oraustereenvironments. Diesel hybrid vehicle testing. The Department is testing various The Power Surety Task Force (PSTF), formerly part of the diesel hybrid vehicles (see Figure 3). Hickam Air Force base is Army’s Rapid Equipping Force (REF), has been transferred to testingaplug-inparallelhybriddrivesystemtobeintegratedinto the ESTF, and one of their primary roles is to serve as a liaison a step van that will provide improved efficiency, superior per- withtheCombatantCommandersandprovidesupportforener- formanceandgreaterfueleconomy.Thesystemdesignconsistsof gy considerations.The PSTF has tested a variety of new energy a2.5liter/75kilowatt(kW)dieselengine,a97kWACinduction technologies that can be used in theater. Their process of first motor, and a continuous variable transmission.The Air Force is reducing demand, then conducting an engineering assessment alsotestinganddemonstratingHeavyDutyHybridElectricClass to remove wasteful generation or excess capacity, and finally, 8 Mack Trucks, with an Integrated Starter Alternator Motor supplementing with alternative and renewable energy, will whichassiststhedieselenginetoprovidepowertothedrivetrain. enableforwardbasesandotherinstallationstosetthefoundation The trucks are being used by the Civil Engineering and Aircraft foroptimizingenergyuseinthelong-term. Refuelingactivities. Inanefforttodemonstratetheoperationalefficacyofdemand Extended range UAVs. The Air Force completed a preliminary reduction coupled with alternative/renewable power, the PSTF designreviewforaprototypelongenduranceUAVtoflymedium andtheNTCinstalledenergyefficientstructures(domes,spray- altitude missions un-refueled for five to seven days.The intent of foam insulation, renewable power generator, and efficient heat- http://wstiac.alionscience.com TheWSTIACQuarterly,Volume9,Number1 5 http://wstiac.alionscience.com/quarterly http://wstiac.alionscience.com/quarterly Figure5.NellisAirForceBasesolararray. Solar power. Solar power is the largest contributor in the Air Force’s renewable energy development program. In December 2007, the Air Force commissioned the largest photovoltaic solar Figure4.MonolithicdomeandrenewableenergygeneratoratNTC. array in the Americas (14.2 megawatts) at Nellis Air Force Base (see Figure 5). This supports about one fourth of the base’s energyusageperdayandhasanestimatedannualcostsavingsof ing,ventilating,andairconditioningsystems)inthetrainingarea $1 million. In 2007, the Air Force continued to lead the federal (see Figure 4).These structures demonstrate a holistic approach government in green power purchases, with 37 bases meeting thatcanprovideanestimatedenergysavingsofabout60%.This some portion of their base-wide electrical requirements from proof of concept effort was intended to make forward operating commercial sources of wind, solar, geothermal, or biomass. basesenergyindependentforpowergeneration. Additionalsolarprojectsonunderutilizedlandareplannedusing InJuly2007,thePSTFandREFdemonstratedatechniquefor theenhancedusedleaseauthority. insulating temporary structures, such as tents and containerized living units, using an exterior application of spray foam. The Geothermalpower.TheNavyhasmadegooduseoftheauthori- resultingenergysavingsof40-75%ledMulti-NationalForceIraq ty in 10 U.S.C. 2922a to receive revenues from geothermal to award a $95 million contract to insulate nine million square powerfacilities,astheyhavedonewiththedevelopmentofthe feet of temporary structures. Based on extrapolated data from 270megawattplantatChinaLake,Californiainthe1980sthat previous demonstrations, the additional nine million square feet providesenoughpowertosupplyelectricityto180,000homes. of insulated temporary structures could save more than 77,000 TheNavyrecentlyawardedacontracttobuilda30+megawatt gallons of fuel per day in theater, equivalent to about 13 truck- geothermal plant at Fallon Naval Air Station, Nevada, and the loads of fuel, with associated cost savings of over $300,000 per Department is looking at other opportunities for similar dayat$4pergallon(notincludingthemilitarylogisticsandforce public/private ventures.The Department is exploring the feasi- protectionsavedfromthedemandreduction). bility of expanding the Title 10 authority to enable DoD to receive revenue from other energy resources on its lands. Increased use of simulators for training. Preliminary studies have Ground source heat pumps are increasingly being used, partic- indicated that the increased use of simulators could potentially ularly at housing units. For example, Offutt AFB has installed yieldsignificantsavings,resultingfromreducedfuelcosts,main- 1,131tonsofgroundsourceheatpumpsforitsdorms. tenance,andplatform“wear&tear”.TheJointStaffisleadinga studytoassesscurrentsimulatorusage,developacostmodelfor Testing other potential energy generation technologies. The Navy is thebusinesscasesupportinggreatersimulatoruse,anddetermine testing other energy sources for their feasibility to produce ener- the feasibility of substituting additional simulator time for live gy cost effectively.The Navy installed the first wave power buoy trainingwithoutdecreasingoperationalcapability. at Marine Corps Base Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, and is partnering withindustrytotestasecondbuoy.Inaddition,theNavyiscon- Goal2:AssureSupply tractingwithacommercialfirmtoprovideatechnologydemon- TheDoDmustminimizeriskinenergyavailability,accessibility stration of tidal energy harvesting in the Puget Sound area.The and distribution to military operations while sustaining opera- Navy also is partnering with the British Government to design tionalcapability.Inadditiontoimprovingcombatunitcapabil- and install a barge mounted off-shore Ocean Thermal Energy ity(byreducingdependenceonitsfueltail),sometechnicalsolu- Conversion (OTEC) plant for electrical and water requirements tions for reducing platform fuel demand show promise for atDiegoGarcia. increasing individual capability as well. The DoD is shifting Solar roofs. Thin-film solar panels are being used increasingly by reliance toward alternative and renewable sources of energy, theDepartment.NavalBaseVenturaCountyinstalledan87kW therebyreducingdependenceonnon-assuredsourcesofoil. rooftop amorphous silicon thin-film photovoltaic (PV) laminate RenewableEnergy systemonabuildinginPortHueneme,California,andtheNavy InFY2007,theDoDreducedenergyusagebyover10%from also installed photovoltaic parking garages at Naval Base the2003baselineandalmost12%oftheelectricitywasgener- Coronado(seeFigure6),NorthIsland,California,producingone atedfromrenewableenergysources.TheDoDisincreasinguse megawatt of power. The Defense Commissary Agency initiated of “traditional” renewable energy sources (e.g., solar, wind, installationofaroofmounted,PVarraycapableofproducingan etc.)andisalsoexploringnewtechnologies,suchasoceanand estimated 152 kW at the Los Angeles AFB Commissary in wave harvesting. California. 6 TheAMMTIACQuarterly,Volume4,Number1 http://ammtiac.alionscience.com http://wstiac.alionscience.com/quarterly http://wstiac.alionscience.com/quarterly Force to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the potential that biomass may offer to reduce the life cycle CO footprint of FT 2 technology. Looking beyond FT fuels, the Air Force, in partner- ship with DARPA and industry, is investigating the suitability of second and third generation biomass-derived transportation fuels (e.g., cellulosic biomass, algae oils, animalfats, etc.) as renewable feedstockoptionsforaviationuse. The Navy is conducting research on the effective use of alter- nativelogisticsfuelsinnavalpowersystems.Theseeffortsinclude addressing the impacts these fuels have on engine internals and fuel distribution system components, optimizing fuel composi- tion and improving the combustion process. The Navy also is Figure6.PhotovoltaicparkinggarageatNavalBaseCoronado, establishingprotocolsforalternativefuelqualificationforuseon NorthIsland,California. navalvesselsandaircraft.Inaddition,theArmyistestingawide AlternativeFuels/EnergySources range of alternative fuels at the Army Research, Design, and EngineeringCommandinWarren,Michigan. The Department is pursuing a variety of efforts in alternative TheServicesandtheDefenseEnergySupportCenterarealso fuels,primarilyfocusedontestingandcertification,enablingour workingcloselywiththeCommercialAviationAlternativeFuels systems to use different fuels regardless of the feedstock or pro- Initiative that represents the airlines, airports, and manufactur- ductionmethod.Wealreadyrelyonlocalfuelsourcesintheater, erstoefficientlyandeconomicallycertifythecommercialairline likeJetA-1(commercialjetfuel)inEurope,whichdiffersslight- fleet. This effort builds on the fact that many aircraft in the ly from JP-8. Efforts include improving the combustion process commercial and military fleets share common platforms, sys- of engines using alternative fuels, optimizing fuel composition, temsandengines. understandingtheequipmentandsystemsimpactsofalternative fuel use, such as corrosion and wear, and establishing protocols Investmentinbiofuels.Commerciallyavailablebiofuelsareinlim- for alternative fuels qualification in aircraft, ships, vehicles and ited supply and have lower energy density than their petroleum- generators. basedequivalent.Researchsuggeststhatsomebio-basedfeedstocks could be converted into hydrocarbon fuels efficiently and afford- Syntheticfuel(synfuel)certification.SeveraleffortsbytheServices ably.Sincethemilitary’sprimaryfuelsourceisjetfuel,DARPAis areunderwaytotestandcertifysynfuelsonbothaircraft,ground demonstratingtheabilityforoilrichcrops,suchasalgae,cuphea vehicles, and support equipment. For exam- andjatropha,tocreateJP-8atenergydensity ple, in August 2007, the Air Force certified levelssufficienttopowermilitarysystems. the B-52 to use a 50/50 blend of synthetic Carboncaptureandreuse.InFY2007,theAir fuelandconventionalaviationfuel.Theyhave Force and the Office of the Secretary of since certified the B-1 and C-17 (see Figure DefensecollaboratedwiththeDepartmentof 7).TestsareunderwaytocertifytheF-15and Energy’s National Energy Technology F-22 in the near future, with an objective to Laboratory (NETL) and Arizona Public certifytheentireAirForcefleetbyearly2011. Service in a program to develop a method to The Air Force has a goal to cost-effectively use algae to reuse CO . The work involves acquire 50% of its continental US aviation 2 development of an algae-based CO absorp- fuelviaasyntheticfuelblendutilizingdomes- 2 tionsystemwhichproducesalgaeoilsthatcan tic feedstocks and produced in the US by be further developed into jet fuel. The Air 2016,withtheintenttorequirethatthesyn- Force helped develop the establishment of a thetic fuel purchases be sourced from suppli- laboratory at Arizona Public Service to study ers with manufacturing facilities that engage thisalgaeoil-to-jetfuelprocess. in carbon dioxide capture and effective reuse resultingintheuseoffuelsthathavea“green- Biodiesel life extension program (O28 er” life cycle environmental foot print the O2Diesel™). Military vehicles can experi- petroleum-derivedproducts. ence mechanical problems when using stan- Figure7.C-17transcontinentalflight The Air Force is developing an Assured usingasynfuelblend. dardbiodiesel,asstagnantbiodieseldevelops Aerospace Fuels Research Facility to support microbial growth leading to contamination thestudyandevaluationofhowprocessingandupgradingopera- and degradation. The Air Force is completing a $5 million tions,conditions,andcatalystsimpactstheproduction,character- demonstration with an ethanol/bio-diesel fuel blend (7% istics,quality,andcarbondioxide(CO )footprintofjetfuelmade ethanol/20%purebiodiesel),withtestsconductedonnumerous 2 fromalternativesources.JointstudiessponsoredbytheAirForce vehicles in a variety of different climates.The new blend (O28 and the Department of Energy (DOE) show potential life cycle O2Diesel™)‡ eliminates and prevents the contamination while CO reductions below that of conventional petroleum if waste reducingparticulatematteremissionsbyupto80%.Inaddition, 2 biomass is combined with coal to produce aviation fuels via theNavyisconstructingabiodieselproductionfacilitytofurther Fischer-Tropsch (FT) processing.This facility will enable the Air provethefeasibilityofusingcookingoiltoproducefuel. http://wstiac.alionscience.com TheWSTIACQuarterly,Volume9,Number1 7 http://wstiac.alionscience.com/quarterly http://wstiac.alionscience.com/quarterly Hydrogen technology testing. The Air Force Advanced Power operate,orlicenseanuclearpowerplant.Thegoalistoprovidea Technology Office (APTO) is conducting hydrogen technology suitable site, and as a customer and market leader, provide the and capability demonstrations at Hickam AFB. (This effort is opportunityfortheprivatesectortobuildandoperatetheplant, describedinthearticlebyThomasQuinninthisissue.) usinganenhanceduselease(EUL),orsimilar,authority. The Navy is continuing a hydrogen fuel station and non- TacticalPowerSystemsandGenerators tacticalfuelcellvehicle(FCV)demonstrationatCampPendleton Transportable Hybrid Electric Power Stations (THEPS). The REF Marine Corps Base, California.This effort is an Environmental completed testing of Transportable Hybrid Electric Power Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) project to Stations.ThesedeviceswererequestedbyMajorGeneralZilmer, demonstrate and validate an on-site steam methane reformer for Operational Commander in the Al-Anbar province in Iraq, in hydrogen production. The project successfully completed response to the vulnerability of US Forces while delivering fuel. demonstrations with a General Motors (GM) hydrogen fuel cell Although significant fuel savings were found, the systems were pick-up truck and sports utility vehicle in FYs 2006 and 2007, not robust enough for a forward operating base environment. and will lease three GM FCVs to demonstrate extended vehicle However, insights from this effort were used to advance the range capability and to provide fuel cell test data in support of HybridIntelligentPowerprogram. potentialnavalelectricshipapplications. HybridIntelligentPower(HI-Power)generator.TheHI-Powerpro- Waste-to–energy systems. The Air Force APTO is working to inte- gramisarevolutionaryeffortthatwilldevelopandvalidateaDoD grate a waste-to-energy system at Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska standard tactical intelligent power management architecture (see (seeFigure8).Thissystemwillbeanadvancedgasification-based Figure9)thatincorporatessourcemanagement(includingtheuse coretechnologywiththecapacitytoconvert10to50tonsperday of renewable energy sources where applicable), energy storage ofawidevarietyofwastematerialsinto1megawattofcleanelec- technologies,powerdistribution,anddemandmanagement. tricity,tobeusedon-sitebythebase,therebyreducingtheamount Solutionscurrentlybeingpursuedincludethedevelopmentof of electricity purchased from the active distribution networks and intelligent, automated hybrid local grid.This will reduce ener- power systems. Power management and distribution techniques gycostsandimprovethesecurity willenablemaximumpowerutilizationwithahighdegreeofeffi- of the base, enabling the base to use onsite sources to produce renewable energy, independent of the local grid. In a rapid- deployment scenario, the tech- nology can help the Air Force reduce the use of imported fuels atinstallationsintheshortterm. Waste-to-energy systems provide a tool for achieving both the renewable energy and landfill avoidance goals established by ExecutiveOrder13423. Very high efficiency solar cells. Figure8.Wastetoenergytech- DARPA demonstrated break- nologies,Eielson,AFB. through conversion efficiency with a set of solar cells (over 42%) and is currently using this set in a proof-of-concept solar Figure9.Hi-PowergeneratoratFt.Belvoir,VA. powermodulewithanobjectiveof40%efficiency,whichwould bealmostdoublethatofcurrentsolarpowermodules.Theend- ciency for use with various mobile and portable applications in of-program goal is to achieve 50% efficiency affordably at the the2to500kWrange. module level. The DARPA module is using a novel lateral cell This power management architecture will include small and designthatwillbeoptimizedin spectrallysplitbandgaps(high, mediumsizedtacticalversionsformobileforcesandlargertrans- medium-highandlow).Ifsuccessful,thiscouldbeagamechang- portable systems appropriate for forward operating bases. Initial er,makingsolarenergycosteffective. models estimate fuel savings of up to 40% compared to current systems, reduced maintenance and personnel requirements, and NuclearEnergyInitiative.TheAirForcewasaskedbyseveralmem- fewerpowerinterruptions.Theresultingarchitecturewillimpose bers of the US Senate to determine if Air Force bases could be minimum impacts on transportability, deployability, and readi- appropriatesitinglocationsforsmallpackagenuclearpowergen- nesslevelsofcurrentandupcomingplatforms. eration facilities. The Air Force issued a request for information (RFI) to gauge industry’s interest in the concept, and to solicit Tactical Garbage to Energy Refinery (TGER). The REF has theirideasonpotentialtechnologies,financingoptions,andother deployedtwoTGERstoIraqforacapabilitydemonstrationand aspectsofapotentialproject.TheAirForcemodelisforthiscom- evaluation. TGER, shown in Figure 10, converts field waste pletely commercially driven. The Air Force will not build, own, (paper,plastic,cardboardandfoodslop)intobiofuelthatisused 8 TheAMMTIACQuarterly,Volume4,Number1 http://ammtiac.alionscience.com http://wstiac.alionscience.com/quarterly http://wstiac.alionscience.com/quarterly topowera60kWgenerator.Abattalion Performance Parameter (KPP) for new acquisi- sized forward operating base (600-800 tion programs to be selectively applied. KPPs are soldiers) creates about one ton of attributes or characteristics of a system that are garbage per day that can be recycled consideredcriticaloressentialtothedevelopment intoenergy,sothesystemisdesignedto ofaneffectivemilitarycapability.Themethodol- convert one ton of waste into energy ogy and procedures for establishing program- equal to about 100 gallons of JP-8. It relevant energy KPPs are under development. In is skid mounted and deployable on a May 2007, the Joint Staff updated their direc- military5-tonflatbedtrailer. Figure10.TacticalGarbagetoEnergy tives§torequireuseofKPPsasestablishedinthe Refinery(TGER). Vice Chairman’s memo. The energy efficiency Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. The Navy and KPPrequireslife-cyclecostanalysistoincludethe Armyaredevelopinganddemonstratingcompactandmobile10 burdened cost of fuel in the Analysis of Alternatives (AoA) kW high-temperature fuel cells to power critical equipment, and/orEvaluationofAlternatives(EoA)andsubsequentanalyses includingGPS,radioandcommunicationsequipment,comput- andacquisitionprogramdesigntrades.Insuchanalyses,thefully ers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance gear, and laser burdened cost of fuel is defined as the price of the fuel, plus its designators. These systems provide silent, portable power and deliverychainandforceprotectionrequirements,alltakenfrom eliminatedependenceonlargegeneratororgridpowerforbattery a range of the applicable defense planning scenarios. This sce- charging. These fuel cells are demonstrating a high efficiency nario-basedforceplanningmethodologywillunderpinboththe (approximately 55%) and are being designed to be compatible KPP within the DoD requirements process (Joint Capabilities withkerosene-basedjetfuelssuchasJP-5andJP-8.Theyprovide IntegrationandDevelopmentProcess(JCIDS))andthecalcula- low weight for the available energy content to the warfighter tionofthefullyburdenedcostoffuelinacquisition. carryingthem.Additionally,theywillprovideauxiliarypowerfor applicationsonvehiclesformissionsover24hours. Energy in the acquisition process. The acquisition process is cur- rently under revision to more accurately value energy. In April Remote SiteTactical Hybrid Power.The 3rd Brigade, 1st Armored 2007,theUnderSecretaryofDefense(Acquisition,Technology Division in Iraq, used excess electricity generated from his and Logistics) signed a policy memorandum to use the fully ForwardOperatingBase(CampTaji)toprovidepowertothelocal burdened cost of fuel as a major basis for all trade analyses for Iraqi population as part of his engagement strategy to facilitate acquisition programs. The memo also established three pilot better community relations. This resulted in enhanced security programs (the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV), alternative for local population, enhanced security for coalition forces and ship propulsion for the next generation cruiser (CG(X)) and createdasafeandsecureenvironmentthroughamorecooperative the Next Generation Long Range Strike (Next Generation relationshipwiththelocalpopulation. Bomber))tovalidatetheapproachandtofacilitatedevelopment Expanding on this success, the REF has selected a vendor to ofpoliciesandproceduresforhowtoapplyitintheacquisition deploy a hybrid generator (wind, solar, battery storage, back-up process. In December 2008, the DoD acquisition directive diesel) for US Forces at a Kuwaiti border crossing communica- (5000.2) directed energy costs be included in calculations for tionssite,basedonanassessmentbythePowerSuretyTaskForce. totalownershipcosts,toincludethefullyburdenedcostoffuel. Theintentofthiseffortistodemonstratetheefficacyofcommer- cial hybrid power stations in meeting military needs in isolated, Fuellogisticsconsiderationsinwargames.TheServiceshavebegun butfixedlocations. to incorporate additional energy considerations in periodic Goal3:ImproveProcesses force planning wargames. These exercises will provide a better understanding of the impact of energy on operations in the Properlyvaluingenergyinacquisitiondecisionswillaidinreduc- mid- to long-term and will help the requirements and acquisi- ing life-cycle operation and sustainment costs, thereby dampen- tion communities to evaluate the operational value of raising ingpricefluctuationimpactsontheDepartment.Opportunities energy efficiency requirements of new systems and for refur- toleverageeffortsbyotherorganizations,suchasfederalagencies, bishmentoflegacysystems. industry, academia, and the international community, are also beingidentified.Inaddition,theDoDisevaluatingthestrategic Partnering and operational implications of global energy economics and TheDepartmentisactivelyseekingopportunitiestopartnerwith associated security issues, including where a global energy other federal agencies, industry, academia and the international supplierhastheabilitytoexertinfluenceoveritsconsumers.The communitytoleveragetheirongoingeffortsinenergy.Anumber Departmentalsowantstoretainitsroleasagoodenvironmental of DoD components are working with the Combatant steward,remainingcognizantofpotentialenvironmentalimpacts Commanders and the Power Surety Task Force to assess and and how our actions may be perceived in the globally. The resolve their energy needs. The DoD is also collaborating with Department has made progress to incorporate energy considera- foreigngovernmentstoidentifyareasofcommonalitytoleverage tionsinitsplanningandbusinessprocesses. cooperativeefforts. RequirementsGenerationandAcquisition A small portion of Energy Conservation Improvement Energy in the requirements development process. In August 2006, Program(ECIP)fundingisbeingusedtoleverageESTCPfund- the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff signed a memo- ingonfacilitiesenergytechnologies.InFY2007,theseprograms randum establishing the requirement for an energy-related Key combined to fund four projects: a building integrated photo- http://wstiac.alionscience.com TheWSTIACQuarterly,Volume9,Number1 9 http://wstiac.alionscience.com/quarterly http://wstiac.alionscience.com/quarterly voltaicroof,innovativefastpyrolysistechnology,liquid-desiccant planning processes are being amended to better determine the outdoor air conditioning, and a micro-turbine power generator. valueofhowandhowmuchtoreduceenergy-relatedrisks,while In each of these projects, ECIP funds the construction, and maintainingorimprovingcapabilities.TheDepartmentisdevel- ESTCP funds the monitoring and validation.Technologies that oping and testing technologies to manage supply and demand are proven through this process can then be spread throughout more effectively. The DoD Energy Security Strategic Plan will theDoD. provide senior leaders with a clear, forward-leaning, and opera- tionally-focused set of options to deliver a much more sustain- Goal4:EstablishMetrics able, resilient force with greater endurance over the full range of ThefinalgoalfocusesonmeasuringtheDepartment’sprogressby future missions. The Department’s strategy recognizes the value establishing performance targets and metrics based on quantifi- ofenergyandputsusonapathtogreaterenergysecurity. able analysis. These performance measures will help to increase awarenessandvisibilityofenergyissues;incentivize,measureand NOTES reward progress; and change the Department’s culture to value * JASON is an independent advisory body of highly accomplished energyappropriately.Collectively,thesegoalsestablishtheframe- scientistsandotherscholarswhoself-selectendemicissuesandchallenges workformanagingenergyacrosstheDepartment. facingtheDepartmentandattempttoprovideactionablesolutions. † Additional examples and details can be found in the Annual Energy The installations and environment community has a well- Management Report (http://www.acq.osd.mil/ie/irm/Energy/energy definedseriesofmetricstomonitorenergyconsumptionandthe mgmt_report/fy07/DoD-Narrative-Final.pdf). use of alternatives, as outlined in annual reports and scorecards. ‡ O28 is a renewable-based biodiesel formulation consisting of Examples are included in the sidebar below.The DoD is in the O2Diesel™andB20biofuel. initialstagesofconsideringhowtoadaptthisforplatforms. §ChairmanoftheJointChiefsofStaffInstruction(CJCSI)3170.01F- Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System (JCIDS) and SUMMARY Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Manual (CJCSM) 3170.01C The Department has a balanced portfolio of energy efforts in OperationoftheJointCapabilitiesIntegrationandDevelopmentSystem place,eitherintestingorintheplanningstages.Ourbusinessand (JCIDS). EnergyGoals • Reducefueldemand→impliesannualreduction[NationalDefenseStrategyJune2008] • Reduceinstallationsenergyusageby30%by2015[ExecutiveOrder(EO)13423/ 2007EnergyAct] • Reducepetroleumconsumptionfornon-tacticalvehiclesby20%byFY15[2007EnergyAct] • CertifysynfuelinallAirForceaircraftby2011[SecretaryoftheAirForcegoal] • 25%ofelectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2025[NationalDefenseAuthorizationAct2007] • Reducefossilfuelsinnew/renovatedbuildings:55%by2010;100%by2030[2007EnergyAct] • 30%ofhotwaterinnew/renovatedbuildingsfromsolarby2015[2007EnergyAct] • Increasenon-petroleumfuelby10%peryear[EO13423/2007EnergyAct] • EnergyasselectiveKeyPerformanceParameter[Chairman,JointChiefsofStaffInstruction 3170.01F/Chairman,JointChiefsofStaffManual3170.01C] • Fullyburdenedcostofenergyintradeoffanalyses[USD(AT&L)memoofApril07] • EnergyincludedinlifecyclesustainmentmetricsforMDAPs[USD(AT&L)memoofJuly08] • Buildingmeteringdataenteredintobenchmarkingdatabase[2007EnergyAct] • ElectricitymeteringbyOctober2012[2005EnergyAct] • NaturalgasandsteammeteringbyOctober2016[2007EnergyAct] 10 TheAMMTIACQuarterly,Volume4,Number1 http://ammtiac.alionscience.com http://wstiac.alionscience.com/quarterly