CCCCCEEEEE MMMMMaaaaagggggaaaaazzzzziiiiinnnnneeeee ••••• WWWWWiiiiinnnnnttttteeeeerrrrr 22222000000000011111 EEnnggiinneeeerrss SSuuppppoorrtt tthhee WWaarr AAggaaiinnsstt TTeerrrroorr 1 Report Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 3. DATES COVERED 2001 2. REPORT TYPE 00-00-2001 to 00-00-2001 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Operation Enduring Freedom Engineers Support the War Against 5b. GRANT NUMBER Terror (Air Force Civil Engineer, Winter 2001, Volume 9, Number 4) 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Air Force Civil Engineer (AFCESA/PCT),139 Barnes Drive, Suite REPORT NUMBER 1,Tyndall AFB,FL,32403-5319 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE Same as 40 unclassified unclassified unclassified Report (SAR) Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18 “I have unleashed a mighty military, and the mighty military of America is making us proud.” — President George W. Bush, Jan. 15, 2002 Air Force Civil Engineers — Serving Proudly Sept. 11 was a tragic day, but the U.S. Air Force and its civil engineers have responded with tremendous skill and determination. At home or deployed overseas, our CE troops are Maj Gen Earnest O. Robbins II serving their country proudly, and we have plenty of success stories to tell. First, there’s the response of the CE emergency services folks. They have stepped up to an incredible new level of attention, both in theater and at home, and carried the load — and they’re still doing it. Our fire protection, explosive ordnance disposal and readiness personnel are on the front lines of a new kind of warfare everywhere they serve. The 49th Materiel Maintenance Group has been conducting beddown in-theater since day one, deploying with their Harvest Falcon and Harvest Eagle kits. They’ve done a great job assisting Prime BEEF and RED HORSE troops, who have erected and main- tained tent cities at multiple locations throughout the theater. Faced with a shortfall in P Harvest kits, Air Force civil engineers were able to construct the Army’s Force Provider sets with virtually no experience on them. We’ve provided tent city residents with water, electricity, shower and sanitary facilities, mess tents and other amenities so that they have O a place to call home and can focus attention on their primary duties. The Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency’s Airfield Pavements Evaluation Team was in the theater early and they hit the ground running, assessing airfields’ abilities to T sustain contingency operations. Our GeoReach experts cranked up right away, as well. We combined their reports with the pavement team’s to learn more about the places we might be going. This allowed us to do a better job predicting manpower and equipment require- ments to bed down forces. At selected locations, our CE troops stepped up to repair E runways bombed by our aircraft during offensive operations and put them back in play. We’ve experienced great success in a partnership between RED HORSE and the Air Force Contract Augmentation Program (AFCAP). The HORSE has been saddled with H daunting construction challenges and has stepped up as always. AFCAP has been a force multiplier, sourcing commercial vehicles and equipment, purchasing supplies and con- struction materials on the local economy, transporting equipment and other commodities, T and providing engineering assistance and top-notch planning support. Tremendous Total Force support has been obvious. There are a lot of Guardsmen and Reservists involved and almost all are volunteers. That speaks volumes about Total Force in CE. Others may do it well, but CE shines brightest. M Finally, one of the hardest things we’ve had to do is continue with business as usual while addressing the additional workload that came with Operations ENDURING FREEDOM and NOBLE EAGLE. We’ve deployed more than 2,000 civil engineers for these operations, while we already had about 500 in theater as part of the standing force supporting O Operations NORTHERN and SOUTHERN WATCH. Meanwhile, the day-to-stay stuff hasn’t slacked off a bit. It’s been a stressful time for all of us, but the ability of those back home to continue to support the daily mission while a huge chunk of our workforce is deployed R speaks to the kind of people that are in CE. We’re all extremely proud of what CE brings to the fight! F 2 CCCCCEEEEE MMMMMaaaaagggggaaaaazzzzziiiiinnnnneeeee ••••• WWWWWiiiiinnnnnttttteeeeerrrrr 22222000000000011111 4 At War with Terrorism Air Force civil engineers are rising to the challenge of providing vital support to the U.S. campaign against terrorism at home and abroad. 13 Aviation Engineer Contributions to the Air War in Korea A 50th anniversary retrospective of On the cover … the aviation engineer units that Civil engineers are at work through- upgraded and built air bases during out Southwest and South Central the Korean War. Asia in support of Operation ENDURING FREEDOM. Story page 4. Departments 22 “Semper Ducimus” — Always Lead 10 Interview The 554th RED HORSE Squad- ron has served more than 30 years 26 Technology as part of a combined deterrent 31 force against aggression across the Education & Training heavily fortified border that divides 32 CE World Korea. 33 CE People 39 Unit Spotlight 24 From Drought to Flood A variety of water problems made for an interesting summer for Randolph Air Force Base civil engineers. Please send story ideas, articles, photos, comments and suggestions to [email protected] Air Force Civil Engineer • Winter 2001 • Volume 9, Number 4 The Civil Engineer AFCESA Commander Chief, Professional Editor Graphic Designer–Layout Editor Maj Gen Earnest O. Robbins II Col Bruce R. Barthold Communications Letha Cozart James Cline, Jr. Lois Walker Air Force Civil Engineer is published quarterly as a funded newspaper by the Professional Communications staff at the Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency, Tyndall AFB, FL. This publication serves the Office of The Civil Engineer, HQ U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C. Readers may submit articles, photographs and art work. Suggestions and criticisms are welcomed. All photos are U.S. Air Force, unless otherwise noted. Contents of Air Force Civil Engineer are not necessarily the official views of, or endorsed by, the U.S. Government, the Defense Department or the Department of the Air Force. Editorial office: Air Force Civil Engineer, AFCESA/PCT, 139 Barnes Drive Suite 1, Tyndall AFB, FL, 32403-5319, Telephone (850) 283-6242, DSN 523-6242, FAX (850) 283-6499, and e-mail: [email protected]. All submissions will be edited to conform to standards set forth in Air Force Instruction 35-301 and The Associated Press Stylebook. Air Force Civil Engineer is accessible on the Internet on AFCESA’s home page: https://www.afcesa.af.mil. 3 Civil Engineer Support to Operations NOBLE EAGLE and ENDURING FREEDOM WAR At by Lt Col Gregory A. Cummings and Lt Col R. John Martin, P.E. HQ USAF with Terrorism Sept. 11, 2001 — another day that will live in infamy. More than 3,000 innocent people died in the attacks in New York, Washington DC and Pennsylvania. The terrorists got our attention. They woke up the “sleeping giant,” brought our nation together, and focused our resolve on fighting and eliminating terrorism at the source. The Department of Defense responded with opera- tions on two fronts — one at home and the other anywhere that terrorists hide, against any country that hides them. President Bush advised the American people to go to work “with a heightened sense of awareness,” an aware- ness that, unlike America’s past wars, the war against terrorism will not be fought exclusively “over there.” The mission of Operation NOBLE EAGLE 405th Air Expeditionary Wing firefighters add sand bags to a security wall at a deployed location Jan. 5. (Photo by SSgt is to protect America Shane Cuomo) “over here.” Homeland What’s Underway defense and civil support The Air Force responded to the call to fight terrorism services are being with its full range of assets — literally thousands of airlift, provided by DoD’s Total bomber and fighter operations. Air Force civil engineers Force, including 50,000 responded in kind, serving in our traditional roles and members of the military fighting our own kind of battle to bed down troops and reserves who have now aircraft in a hostile environment. In all, more than 400 been called to active CEs responded directly to the Sept. 11 attacks, providing duty. firefighter, construction and explosive ordnance disposal The mission of SSgt Alan Vanguilder, 148th CES, Operation ENDURING (EOD) support, not to mention those at Air Force and Minnesota Air National Guard, paints major command headquarters who stood up Crisis Action one of several newly constructed “road FREEDOM is to fight Teams (CATs). jacks” Oct.1. The Wing’s CEs con- terrorism at its source structed numerous jacks for use on — and the U.S. Air In New York, the governor called up more than 150 roadways to provide enhanced Air National Guard firefighters and Prime BEEF mem- Force and its civil protection for the resources and bers for direct support in New York City. CE troops from personnel supporting Operation NOBLE engineers have risen to EAGLE. (Photo by MSgt Dean V. Kuhlman) the challenge. fighter wings assigned to First Air Force responded to the 4 CCCCCEEEEE MMMMMaaaaagggggaaaaazzzzziiiiinnnnneeeee ••••• WWWWWiiiiinnnnnttttteeeeerrrrr 22222000000000011111 immediate increase in flights for the Southeast Area other commitments, deploying Defense Sector. EOD personnel supported President more than 1,600 engineers per Bush, following him from Sarasota, FL, back to the month last year. In May and White House. EOD also supported personnel at McGuire June, there were more than Air Force Base, NJ, and Dover AFB, DE. Throughout 2,100 CEs deployed, with the Air Force CE community, CATs stood up immediately more than 1,050 at bases in and have been manned continuously since the attacks. and around the Persian Gulf. As of Dec. 31, more than 2,000 CE members were in the Operation ENDURING FREEDOM area of responsibility (AOR) or on their way. Today, Air Force CEs are SSgt Chance Pasley, 366th CES, uses a providing the lion’s share of circular saw to trim a sheet of plywood manpower for base operating for a tent floor Jan. 12. (Photo by SSgt Michael Gaddis) support at places most of us had never heard of before — from beddown to infrastruc- ture improvements to fire protection, EOD and nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) defense. “We should be proud of what we have accomplished so far,” said Col Tim Byers, chief, Readiness and Installa- tion Support Division (AF/ILEX), Office of The Civil Engineer. “We have constructed tent cities, water plants, power generation and supply, and other infrastructure. We are building two new air bases and reconstituting others, and are supporting more than 19,000 personnel and hundreds of aircraft.” The 823rd and 820th RED HORSE Squadrons have deployed and tasked more than 500 personnel for heavy construction in the AOR, with other active, Guard and Reserve RED HORSE squadrons contributing person- nel. More than 450 firefighters are deployed, with more than 60 vehicles in theater. We are also providing the A CE staff sergeant excavates a trench so that drainage pipe can be laid at an undisclosed forward operating site Nov. 18. (Photo by MSgt Thomas Cook) “Homeland defense” has taken on new meaning since Sept. 11. ANG and Air Force Reserve forces are actively engaged in supporting Combat Air Patrols (CAPs) across the United States, as well as airport security and other requirements. The Air Force is flying CAPs continuously over key areas in the country, as well as randomly over cities and major public events. More than 500 CE troops are directly supporting these CAPs, but it would be safe to say that all 19,000 members of the Air Force’s active duty CE force — with hundreds of members of the Guard and Reserve — are supporting Operations NOBLE EAGLE and ENDURING FREEDOM. Prior to Sept. 11, CE forces were already providing (From left) SSgts Tracy McBride and Jeramy Isaac and A1C Ryan support to various missions all over the world. CE is O’Connell, all from the 823rd RHS, construct an equipment highly involved in the Aerospace Expeditionary Force and marshalling area for the air terminal operations center at a deployed location. (Photo by TSgt Carole Steele) 5 majority of EOD capability in the AOR, with about 100 specialists deployed. Nearly 150 readiness troops have deployed with protective and detection equipment. They are training Air Force person- nel to use individual protective equipment and SSgt Phillip Langhus, 51st establishing joint NBC detection and decontamination CES, shows operations with the U.S. Army in the AOR. Traci Brock CE personnel have evaluated numerous airfields and how to properly fit a gas mask potential air bases all over Central Asia, producing quality designed for reports for the warfighters, including matrices of airfield children onto capabilities for each aircraft being flown in the AOR. her daughter, Caitlin, during a These evaluations are taking place on the ground, often Non-Combatant augmented by “GeoReach,” a global expeditionary Evacuation planning system technology. Operation exercise for “We are experiencing exciting things with Osan depen- GeoReach,” said Lt Col Brian Cullis, chief, Information dents Oct. 19 at Systems Integration Branch under AF/ILEX. “It’s Osan Air Base, Republic of presenting users with opportunities to gain insight into Korea. (Photo the AOR prior to deployment using satellite imagery and by SSgt Johnny layers of digital information. Whether coming from the Saldivar) GeoReach teams at Air Combat Command (ACC), Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) or AF/ILEX, the war planners have had geographic information system tools like no other.” SrA Robert Keatts opens an environmental control unit for repair on Nov. 15. Airman Keatts is a deployed member of the GeoReach has already provided great assistance in 366th CES. (Photo by TSgt Michael R. Nixon) supporting airfield assessments, while enabling the sharing of site survey data, photography and other increase in humanitarian assistance. We also have information. The GeoReach imagery and global position- challenges at home, especially with CE manning. Deploy- ing system processes will ultimately serve as core ments for ENDURING FREEDOM and requirements for elements for an integrated site survey framework being NOBLE EAGLE are impacting our continental U.S. base formed by the Services. operations, with CE forces stretched thin between operations and home base support. In addition, this What Lies Ahead winter should prove especially busy for EOD personnel Many challenges exist as we bed down in new with support needed in Utah for the Winter Olympics. locations, from fixing drainage problems, purifying water The Sept. 11 terrorist attacks shifted the U.S. and excavating rock-hard military’s NBC passive soils, to force protection and defense paradigm, high- host nation issues and lighting our vulnerability preparing for winter opera- to unconventional attacks. tions. We are reconstituting The terrorist attacks, and bases that we previously the anthrax incidents that bombed. Our pavement followed, identified evaluation and RED adversaries with an NBC HORSE teams reported that capability and the will to one base had excellent use it directly against the pavement for aircraft United States. The anthrax operations — except for 23 attacks accelerated the craters and three spall fields! Counter Biological Warfare Challenges will exist Defense initiative. Efforts, with sustaining forces in the originally scheduled a year A 355th Air Expeditionary Group firefighter waits for water AOR, especially with a likely pressure to build while preparing to extinguish a fire that out, were reprogrammed erupted near an undisclosed airfield. (Photo by TSgt Scott Reed) 6 CCCCCEEEEE MMMMMaaaaagggggaaaaazzzzziiiiinnnnneeeee ••••• WWWWWiiiiinnnnnttttteeeeerrrrr 22222000000000011111 to produce the concept of operations by Decem- ber 2001. “There has been an obvious heightened sensitivity to NBC matters, but we’re carrying on, despite our low manning numbers in the readiness career An airman from the 4th CES, Seymour field,” said Lt Col Jim Johnson AFB, NC, installs an ash heater in Kasmer, chief, Emer- a tent at the U.S. and coalition military gency Services Branch compound near Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. The 4th CES is augmenting the 86th under AF/ILEX. “In Expeditionary Contingency Response fact, our newest deployed Group from Ramstein AB, Germany. The locations have U.S. Air buildup there is in preparation for more than 2,000 follow-on forces. (Photos by Maj Force and U.S. Army A1C Matthew Milanese, 39th Mike Young, above, and Capt Kristi CES explosive ordnance NBC folks working Beckman, right) disposal technician, sweeps a together. We are work- fence line for ordnance at ing to make our NBC better support the warfighter. Incirlik AB, Turkey, Oct. 8. operations more flexible “We have done a very good job of (Photo by SrA Matthew Hannen) to meet the new threats flowing information from the field that are evolving every day.” through ACC (CENTAF Rear CE) to NBC warning and reporting is being integrated at ILE and vice versa,” said Colonel Byers, locations with both Air Force and Army personnel so that “and we continue to communicate well all reports flow through base communications channels. with supporting major commands like U.S. Air Forces in They have also established integrated equipment decon- Europe and PACAF, working war readiness materiel and tamination operations for all materiel movement within other issues. As with any base civil engineer, the Wing theater. BCEs in theater should be able to contact the Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency (AFCESA) directly for Lessons Learned assistance. We can always do better in communicating To assist in doing our job both on the home front and coordinating information, and we welcome sugges- and in the AOR, we are gathering and reporting infor- tions on how to improve this process.” mation on a daily basis from numerous sources. This We have started to capture lessons learned from information flow helps CEs make informed decisions and challenges faced to date. We have applied lessons learned Service Self before Service sometimes means the ultimate sacrifice, and the first American casualty of Operation ENDURING FREEDOM was a civil engineer, MSgt Evander Earl Andrews. Maj Gen Earnest O. Robbins, The Air Force Civil Engineer, said, “The next time you hear someone describe engineers as ‘tail’ in some inane discussion of MSgt Evander Andrews’ squadron hat adorns his tooth-to-tail ratio, I suggest you show them this photo. We casket at his final resting place in Arlington National Cemetery, Oct. 22. Sergeant Andrews died Oct. 10 in are grateful for MSgt Andrews, his service and the service a construction accident while deployed to the northern Arabian Peninsula. He is survived by his wife, Judy; four children, ages 2 to 9; a sister; and of all the members of Air Force civil engineering. The his parents Mary and Obder Andrews. (Photo by TSgt Jim Varhegyi) nation is grateful, too.” 7 full capabilities of AM-2 matting. Satellite communi- cation and other state-of-the-art technol- ogy is making the job easier for pavement evaluation teams, RED HORSE and other CEs dispersed throughout the AOR, and we are looking to make that communication even more efficient. As flying bases were built up, a Deployed 552nd CES members erect a California tent concept of operations during Operation ENDURING FREEDOM, Oct. 30. (Photo by A1C Maryann Walker) was needed to assess fire from Operation DESERT STORM and the protection risks and Kosovo conflict, and are now applying deploy a finite number lessons learned at the start of this campaign. of fire protection assets Digging a trench at a forward-deployed location Nov. Examples include: get CE representa- in concert with the 9. (Photo by TSgt Marlin Zimmerman) tion on site survey teams, improve sourcing operations tempo. NBC of Harvest Eagle/Harvest Falcon kits that operations have had to be flexible to new ideas on how to work smarter, are essential to force beddown, and work meet the new threats — threats that please contact AFCESA or The with the Army at sites deploying their Force are evolving every day. Office of the Civil Engineer. To- Provider kits. Also, as the clamor for more One of the biggest lessons gether, we can meet every challenge! ramp space was heard throughout the learned is simply getting CE forces AOR, AFCESA put together a simple into bare bases and other locations Lt Col Greg Cummings is chief, matrix for the operators that explains the early so they can evaluate potential Expeditionary Engineering Branch, air bases before a majority of other Readiness and Installation Support forces arrive. Whether our mission is Division, Office of the Civil Engineer, to assess damage, evaluate pave- HQ U.S. Air Force. Lt Col John Martin ments, or set up the base is Colonel Cummings’ individual infrastructure, CE forces are “early mobilization augmentee. enablers” and have expertise needed by the warfighting commanders. For example, as of December, two separate pavement evaluation teams from AFCESA had conducted surveys of more than a dozen airfields in the AOR. The U.S. Central Command Air Forces Civil Engineer, Lt Col Dave Nelson, reported, “Both of these teams have done one hell of a job. They provided and continue to provide incredible support, not only to Combined Forces Air Component Command needs, but also to Combined Forces Land Component Command and U.S. Central Command require- As the sun sets marking another deployment day for U.S. Military ments.” personnel worldwide, SSgt Before it’s all over, no doubt we Benjamin Pelky, 823rd RHS, puts the A civil engineer member of the 355th AEG makes a height adjustment prior to a shower will capture and refine many more finishing touches on the base of what will be another tent city for trailer being moved into position at an lessons learned. And we need your troops deployed in support of undisclosed location Nov. 17. (Photo by TSgt Jack Braden) help. If you have lessons learned or Operation ENDURING FREEDOM. (Photo by TSgt Scott Reed) 8 CCCCCEEEEE MMMMMaaaaagggggaaaaazzzzziiiiinnnnneeeee ••••• WWWWWiiiiinnnnnttttteeeeerrrrr 22222000000000011111 PPaavveemmeennttss TTeeaamm BBrriinnggss EExxppeerrttiissee ttoo tthhee FFiigghhtt How many times can an aircraft “When the bombs worked built airfields presented take off and land on an airfield? properly, the damage to the pave- their own problems Good question, and one that’s been ment was unbelievable,” said Capt because Soviet construc- asked a lot lately of the Air Force Jim Chrisley, a member of the team. tion techniques differed airfield pavements evaluation team. “At one base, it was hard to believe from U.S. and Euro- The team has been in Central that a runway once existed within pean standards. “We and Southwest Asia since Oct. 21, the rubble. I imagined it was similar don’t use reinforcing to walking on the steel for the most part in moon.” European and American Southwest airfield design,” Captain Asia has good Davit said. “The Soviets TSgt Jody Root uses a Hilti quality gravel and used pre-stressing steel drill to determine the thickness of the airfield sand which makes and put it down in slabs pavement at Kandahar the area very similar to how we did International Airport, suitable for airfield rapid runway repair in Afghanistan. (Photos courtesy Airfield Pavements operations. And, USAFE (United States Evaluation Team) hardness is a plus. Air Forces in Europe) In some places the years ago. That presents different challenges, soil was so hard, assumptions and things to look for. There are teams reported, concerns we have at a couple of airfields, and we’ll that a steel rod have to see how those assumptions hold up.” driven by an Whether an airfield can handle a few take offs impact hammer and landings or thousands, pavement team could only pen- members know their evaluations will play a major TSgt Steven Russell and TSgt Greg Crosslin conduct etrate about three role in keeping aircrews flying. No questions pavement tests using a dynamic cone penetrometer at Kandahar International Airport, Afghanistan. inches. They found asked. (TSgt Michael A. Ward, HQ Air Force Civil the soil in Central Engineer Support Agency Public Affairs) evaluating more than a dozen Asia less consistent because of the airfields in the region for potential mountainous use in support of Operation terrain. Some of ENDURING FREEDOM. the soils there “Most airfields can support a few were so soft that passes of an aircraft,” said Capt test equipment Anthony Davit, chief, Air Force penetrated as pavement evaluation section. “Our deep as 12 feet. goal is to show the limitations that The team may or may not need to be in place also examined for the airfield to support longer term airfields that operations.” once belonged to The two, three-person teams use the former self-contained evaluation systems to Soviet Union, help determine pavement thickness something and strength of the underlying soil. Captain Davit The results are analyzed to determine said he “never TSgt Steven Russell gross allowable load for each of the would have uses the automated dynamic cone 14 classes of aircraft in the Air Force imagined five penetrometer for inventory. years ago pavement tests in Kabul, The team conducted pavement because of the Afghanistan. (Above, right) The team goes to evaluations at airfields in 10 coun- political cli- work at Kandahar tries in the region, including some mate.” International Airport. that had been damaged recently by The Soviet- Members dressed to blend in with local Bombs dropped from B-52s left craters on airfields U.S. forces to prevent Taliban troops Afghans. like this one in Kabul that were more than 30 feet from using them. across and deep enough to hold several 823rd RED HORSE Squadron members. 9