Center for Systems Engineering at the Air Force Institute of Technology Application and Analysis of the Friedman-Sage Framework for Case Studies of Systems Engineering and Management John M. Griffin, SES (ret) Griffin Consulting Dr John M. Colombi, LtCol, USAF Air Force Institute of Technology 1 Overview (cid:132) Establishing the SE Case Study Process (cid:132) Background (cid:132) Applying the Friedman-Sage Framework (cid:132) First four SE case studies (cid:132) C-5 Galaxy (cid:132) F-111 (cid:132) Theater Battle Management Core System (cid:132) Hubble Space Telescope (cid:132) Analysis and Application of Results I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e 2 1 Report Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. 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THIS PAGE SAR 16 unclassified unclassified unclassified Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18 Background (cid:132) Special Systems Engineering Subcommittee (cid:132) Chaired by Dr. Alexander Levis, AF Chief Scientist (cid:132) Membership included: BG Tom Sheridan, USAF Dr. Dennis Buede Dr. George Friedman Dr. Elliot Axelband Dr. Andy Sage Dr. Dave Evans Dr. Daniel Steward (cid:132) Selection of Four Cases in May 03 (cid:132) Not currently-politically charged (cid:132) Original development completed, historical (cid:132) Diverse domains I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e 3 Initial SE Case Studies C-5 Galaxy F-111 Theater Battle Management Hubble Space Telescope Core Systems (TBMCS) I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e 4 2 Purpose for Developing Case Studies (cid:132) Support teaching of Systems Engineering principles (cid:132) Systems engineering/ programmatic decisions (cid:132) Operational effectiveness (cid:132) Processes, principles, tools (cid:132) Decision material (cid:132) Highlight the importance of skills from multiple functional areas, including multiple engineering disciplines (cid:132) Develop a new set of Teaching tools I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e 5 SE Case Study Format (cid:132) General Systems Engineering Process (cid:132) Case Study Learning Principles (cid:132) Organized by key program technical/ program management vignettes (cid:132) Each learning principle developed chronologically (cid:132) Systems Engineering trade data included (cid:132) Summary discussion I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e 6 3 Overview (cid:132) Establishing the SE Case Study Process (cid:132) Background (cid:132) Applying the Friedman-Sage Framework (cid:132) First four SE case studies (cid:132) C-5 Galaxy (cid:132) F-111 (cid:132) Theater Battle Management Core System (cid:132) Hubble Space Telescope (cid:132) Analysis and Application of Results I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e 7 Establishing the Case Study Process (cid:132) Need to understand scope as key controlling factor (cid:132) Time/ Schedule (cid:132) Total Resources (cid:132) Outline/ Page Allocation (cid:132) Apply a framework (cid:132) Assessment (cid:132) Reference I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e 8 4 Process Described & Framework (cid:132) Initial Draft Outline Find Data “Baseline” 4-6 Items (cid:132) Iterate/ Refine/ Corroborate/ Change I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e 9 Friedman-Sage Framework CONCEPT AREA RESPONSIBILITY DOMAIN 1 2 3 Contractor Shared Government A. Requirements Def. and Management B. Systems Architecture Development C. System, Subsystem Design D. Validation/ Verification E. Risk Management F. Systems Integration & Interfaces G. Life Cycle Support H. Deployment and, Post Deployment I. System and Program Management I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e 10 5 C-5 System Description (cid:132) Heavy-lift aircraft capable of carrying multiple tanks and related equipment (cid:132) Maximum take-off Gross Weight over 764,000 pounds! (cid:132) Unique front and aft ramps facilitate easy drive-on, drive-off loading of military vehicles and equipment (cid:132) Accomplishes tasks that no other military aircraft can perform, such as the new C-17, or any derivative of commercial aircraft I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e 11 C-5 Successful System (cid:132) Over 34 years of successful operational performance in support of the Nation’s cargo/transport needs (cid:132) USAF inventory of 126 C-5 aircraft :74 C-5A, 50 C-5B, 2 C-5C (cid:132) During Operation Desert Storm, C-5 fleet carried 46% of the total inter-theater cargo, flying only 29% of the cargo missions (cid:132) In Operation Iraqi Freedom, the C-5 fleet carried 48% of total cargo flying only 23% of the cargo missions I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e 12 6 C-5 Synopsis (cid:132) LP #1. Systems requirementsneed to integrate the User (warfighter), planners, developers, and technologists into a well-balanced, well- understood set of requirements (cid:132) LP #2. Total Package Procurement Concept (TPPC)was a fixed-price, incentive fee contract strategy for the design, development, and production of 58 aircraft. Invented to control cost growth, it was the underlying cause for the overrun (cid:132) LP #3. A Weight Empty Guaranteewas included in the specification and in the contract as a cost penalty for each delivered overweight aircraft. This measure dominated the traditionally balanced requirements resulting in a major shortfalls in wing and pylon fatigue life (cid:132) LP #4, Independent Review Teams (IRTs)were to assemble national experts to examine the program and provide the best advice and recommendations to the government in structures design, technology and service life I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e 13 C-5 Trade Studies I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e 14 7 C-5 Learning Principle Highlight (cid:132) Weight Empty Guarantee (cid:132) Performance Specification limited Tradespace (cid:132) Contract Penalty: $10,000 per pound per delivered aircraft (cid:132) Goal: Manage cost growth as aircraft cost related to weight (cid:132) Consequence (cid:132) Negative effects of forcing (out-of-balance) one aspect of the system (cid:132) Realize a trend in forcing an aircraft from “nominal”weight I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e 15 Weight Report Expected weight trend I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e 16 8 F-111 System Description (cid:132) In 1950s, USAF needed a replacement for F-100, F- 101, and F-105 fighter-bombers (cid:132) Mach 2+, 60,000 foot altitude (cid:132) All-weather fighter, originally specified as capable of vertical and short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) (cid:132) Many firsts (cid:132) 1st terrain-following radar, allowing it to fly at high speeds and low altitudes (cid:132) 1st production aircraft with variable swing wings (cid:132) 1st crew escape module I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e 17 F-111 Successful System (cid:132) One of the most effective all-weather interdiction aircraft in the world (cid:132) Established the best safety record of any aircraft in the Century Series of fighters ---only 77 aircraft being lost in a million flying hours (cid:132) First used in 1968 during Combat Lancer program, flying 55 night missions against targets in North Vietnam (cid:132) During Desert Storm in 1991, 67 F-111Fs operated from air bases in Saudi Arabia. (cid:132) Ability to deliver precision-guided ordinance in all-weather conditions, they played a key role in the destruction of Iraqi key targets in the Kuwait theatre of operations. (cid:132) Flew 2500 sorties, (cid:132) Destroyed 2203 targets I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e 18 9