JPRS-CAR-91-003 24 JANUARY 1991 *FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE -PRS Report--- China QIUSHI [SEEKING TRUTH] No. 22, 16 November 1990 REPRODUCED BY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 19980203 094 NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE SPRINGFIELD, VA. 22161 China QIUSHI [SEEKING TRUTH] No 22, 16 November 1990 JPRS-CAR-91-003 CONTENTS 24 January 1991 [This report is a translation of the table of contents and selected articles from QIUSHI (SEEKING TRUTH), a semimonthly theoretical journal published by the CPC Central Committee in Beijing. Notations in the table of contents indicate articles previously published or not translated.] QIUSHI No 22, 16 November 1990 Strengthen Party Building in Institutions of Higher Education, Train Successors to the Socialist Cause [L i T iey ing] .................................................................................................................................................. I Science and Technology Development Trends in China and the World in the 1990's [Shou G uangzhao] ........................................................................................................................................ 8 A Brief Discussion on the Historic Significance of the National Salvation Movement of the 1930's [Hu S heng] .......................................................................................................... ........................................ 15 The Relationship Between the Road to Modernization in China and the World [Liu Danian] ............... 16 Negation of China's Constitution or of the Basic System Under the Constitution Is Not Tolerated-Refuting Viewpoints Favoring Bourgeois Liberalization on 'Amending the Constitution' [Xi ao We iyun] .............................................................................................................................................. 22 Strategic Position of and Measures for Developing Western Regions in the 1990's [Ma Hong] .............. 28 Enlightenment Gained From the Industrial Structural Readjustment of a Province-Survey of Yunnan's Machinery and Electronics Industries [He Guangyuan] ....................................................................... 32 Commenting on the 'De-ideologizing of Literature and Art' [Yan Zhaozhu] ......................................... 36 The Replacement of Capitalism by Socialism Is an Objective Pattern Governing Historical Development-Commenting on the Historical Idealism of the 'Theory of Choice' [Zhang Wei] ........ 41 JPRS-CAR-91-003 24 January 1991 QIUSHI No 22, 16 November 1990 Strengthen Party Building in Institutions of Its goal lies in implementing, in an overall way, the Higher Education, Train Successors to the party's policies on education and in raising the quality of Socialist Cause education, so that education can better serve socialist HK2812080090 Beijing QIUSHI [SEEKING TRUTH] construction. Educational reform requires adherence to in Chinese No 22, 16 Nov 90 pp 2-9 leadership by the party and adherence to the socialist orientation. [Article by Li Tieying (2621 6993 2503)] Our country's socialist modernization is an unprecedent- [Text] Since the Fourth Plenary Session of the 13th CPC edly great and arduous undertaking which requires the Central Committee, the party Central Committee has, unremitting efforts of people of several generations, and centered on Comrade Jiang Zemin, adhered to the basic requires struggle by millions of new socialist people who line of "one focus and two basic points" and put great have ideals, morals, culture and discipline. Youth are the efforts into strengthening party building, and ideological country's future. The current university students and and political work. Thus, a new juncture has appeared on research students will, in a few years or a few decades the political and ideological front and a great mood for hence, become the backbone forces on various fronts in grasping party building in a concerted way is gradually our country's socialist modernization. Whether success being formed at all levels of the party. We should grasp can be achieved in our country's socialist modernization this beneficial opportunity, seriously implement the and whether the socialist banner will continue to flutter spirit of the "CPC Central Committee Circular on generation after generation over the great land of China Strengthening Party Building" and, proceeding from the will, to a certain degree, be determined by how we strategic position of opposing the "peaceful evolution" educate and train the young generation of today. being engaged in by hostile forces both within and Strengthening leadership by the party and running outside the country and by fostering builders of and socialist universities well is our historical responsibility. successors to the socialist cause, sum up the experiences Over the history of our party's leadership in institutions and lessons in party building in institutions of higher of higher education are very many experiences which education, raise our understanding of the importance should be summed up. In the 1950's and early 1960's, and pressing nature of strengthening party building in our party achieved and adhered to correct leadership institutions of higher education, study the problems in a over institutions of higher education and fostered a large down-to-earth way, and resolve those problems which number of skilled persons suited to the demands of urgently require resolution, socialist revolution and construction. Today, these 1. Maintaining the Party's Leadership and people have become backbone and core elements in Strengthening Party Building in Institutions of Higher many areas. During the 10 years of turmoil, institutions Education Are the Basic Guarantee for Running of higher education were "disaster areas" which resulted Socialist Universities With Chinese Characteristics in the waste of a whole generation and brought to our Well cause of socialist education losses of a magnitude diffi- cult to estimate. Schools are places where people are trained, while edu- cation is the process by which people are trained. In a Since the Third Plenary Session of the 11 th CPC Central class society, education has a class nature. The establish- Committee, the development and reform of our coun- ment of socialist political and economic systems in our try's higher education has realized major achievements. country determines the socialist nature of our country's Under the new situation of reform and opening up, the education. Socialist education is essentially different struggle between bourgeois liberalization and the four from feudal education and from capitalist education, cardinal principles has become extremely acute and and this difference is centrally manifested in adherence complex. The "peaceful evolution" activities being to the party's leadership in education work, in adherence unleashed against our country by domestic and foreign to the requirement that education serve modernization, hostile forces have not stopped even for a day. They have in the combination of education and productive labor, colluded together, linked up with forces inside and and in the fostering of builders of and successors to the outside, and focused their attention on fighting us for socialist cause, who have developed morally, intellectu- our younger generation. At one time, because the major ally, and physically. The influence of the tide of bour- responsible comrades of the party Central Committee at geois liberalization on our country's education is prom- that time did not adhere in a clear and firm way to the inently manifested in the negation of the class nature of four cardinal principles and oppose bourgeois liberaliza- education and the negation of the socialist orientation of tion, it led to a flood of the ideological tide of bourgeois education. The political disturbances which occurred in liberalization, resulting in the student unrest at the end spring and summer last year rang the alarm bell for us. of 1986. Under the leadership of the party Central We must soberly recognize that the sort of person we are Committee, which had Comrade Deng Xiaoping as its to foster and whom education is to serve, are basic center, through work on many fronts the student unrest questions in education. The continual development of was finally quelled. However, the problem was not our country's education requires adherence to reform. resolved. Later, Comrade Zhao Ziyang "diluted" leader- However, educational reform is self-perfection and self- ship by the party, "transformed" ideological and polit- development of our country's socialist education system. ical work, relaxed the building of socialist spiritual JPRS-CAR-91-003 2 QIUSHI No 22, 16 November 1990 24 January 1991 culture, and adopted a tolerant and supportive attitude deepen reform so that education accords with the needs toward the ideological tide of bourgeois liberalization, of socialist modernization. The crux in resolving this This resulted in these mistaken ideas spreading even question is strengthening party building in institutions of more wildly. In such a situation, the political-core status higher education and fully correcting the very major of party organizations in institutions of higher education mistake of ignoring ideological and political education. and the leading role of ideological and political work In implementing the basic line and the education poli- were seriously weakened, some party organizations were cies of the party, we must fully bring into play the role of in a weak and dispirited state, and the political views and party organizations and political cores and the advanced value concepts of some Communist Party members were model role of party members, and bring into play the seriously distorted. In the political turbulence in spring political guiding role of teaching, and especially the role and summer last year, these problems were revealed in a of party-member teachers in their education of students. very centralized way. In the face of that rigorous test, the responses by the majority of party organizations and the Second, our institutions of higher education should broad number of CPC members in institutions of higher become firm strongholds safeguarding leadership by the education were good or quite good. Under very difficult party, safeguarding the socialist system, opposing bour- circumstances, they positively and actively did a great geois liberalization and opposing "peaceful evolution." amount of work. However, it must also be recognized In today's world, the question of who will win between that the party organizations in some institutions of the two political systems and the two ideological systems higher education and especially quite a few basic-level of socialism and capitalism has not been finally resolved. party branches and some party members did not play Hostile forces both within and outside the country are their due role when the struggle was at a vital juncture. using the economic, scientific, and technological advan- Some party members, including a very small number of tages of the international monopoly capitalist class, and, leading party cadres joined in the turmoil to differing relying on the influence of decadent capitalist culture, degrees and some individuals even became plotters, are doing all they can in the ideological field to advocate organizers, or backbone elements in the turmoil and and propagate the ideological tide of bourgeois liberal- counterrevolutionary rebellion. There were also some ization and to negate leadership by the Communist party members who, although they did not participate Party, the socialist system, Marxism, and the out- actively in the turmoil, ideologically were very deeply standing cultural traditions of the Chinese nation. They influenced by the tide of bourgeois liberalization, have placed their vain hopes for achieving "peaceful evolution" in China on the younger generation and are Facing the complex and turbulent international situa- vying with us for influence over those who will succeed tion, a real Communist will be drawing experiences and us This battle will be long-lasting, acute, and complex lessons from it, and strengthening his own political stand and may even be quite intense at times. Party organiza- and communist faith. A very small number of people tions in institutions of higher education will have to who obstinately adhere to a bourgeois liberal stand may strengthen ideological, organizational, and work style also, as a result, strengthen their conspiratorial activities construction and raise combat effectiveness, as only thus to oppose leadership by the party and to oppose the will it be possible for them to unite and spur on the broad socialist system. The fluctuations in the international number of teachers, students, and staff and workers to situation will inevitably exert an influence on institu- carry out to the end the struggle to uphold the four tions of higher education, and will put forward more cardinal principles, oppose "peaceful evolution," and topics and higher demands in party building in institu- oppose bourgeois liberalization. tions of higher education. In summing up the experiences and lessons of the last 40 Third, our institutions of higher education should years and especially since the beginning of reform and become strong fronts in propagating Marxism and opening up, we have come to a basic understanding that building socialist spiritual culture. The institutions of if we are to run socialist universities well, the leading higher education are places where intellectuals are cen- position of the party in institutions of higher education tralized and, in the building of socialist spiritual culture, must be strengthened, and its position must not be they shoulder a heavy task. Only by strengthening party allowed to waver or be weakened. Why must we building in institutions of higher education will we be strengthen and improve leadership by the party and why able to ensure that institutions of higher education can must we strengthen the building of party organizations in organize theoretical contingents with fighting capacity, institutions of higher education? strengthen education in and propagation of Marxist theory, and guarantee the political orientation in First, our institutions of higher education shoulder the reforming and researching the teaching of philosophy essential task of training builders of and successors to the and the social sciences, and use Marxism to capture the socialist cause. In carrying out this task, moral education ideological and cultural front. Only then will we be able must be placed in prime position in all aspects of work in to raise high the banner of Marxist criticism, bring into these institutions. In this moral education, adherence to play the great power of Marxist theory, reveal the poi- a firm and correct orientation must be seen as the sonous and befuddling nature of anti-Marxist propa- primary issue. It is necessary to implement the principle ganda, resist corrosion by decadent bourgeois ideology, of economic improvement and rectification and to and not allow bourgeois liberal ideas to occupy the JPRS-CAR-91-003 24 January 1991 QIUSHI No 22, 16 November 1990 3 forums and publications of institutions of higher educa- as educational development and reform. It is also man- tion. Also, only thus will we be able to seriously study the ifested in the strengthening of the building of leading new situations and resolve the new problems which groups in institutions of higher education and in the appear in real life, and make a contribution to upholding bringing into play of the leading role of party commit- and developing Marxism. tees, the guaranteeing and supervisory roles of general party branches, the fortress role of party branches, and Fourth, our institutions of higher education should the vanguard and model roles of party members in become major forces in maintaining a political situation institutions of higher education. of stability and unity and in maintaining a stable social situation. Practice has proven that stability in institu- The central authorities' circular on strengthening party tions of higher education directly affects the stability of building clearly stipulates the implementation, in insti- the whole society. It must be recognized that the flood of tutions of higher education, of the system of school- bourgeois liberalization is the major factor of instability, director responsibility under party committee leader- The broad numbers of young students are actively ship. This accords with the actual conditions in our making progress and the main trend is good. However, country. In future, institutions of higher education will, under the new situation, we need to strengthen our in principle, implement the system of school director education of them. That is, we must both show them responsibility under the leadership of the party com- great concern and also place strict requirements on them. mittee. Since 1985, school director responsibility system Education is the greatest way to show concern for young experiments have been conducted in some institutions of people. higher education. In future, such experiments can con- tinue to be carried out in a small number of schools. As long as our policies are correct and the methods Those schools which can continue the experiments will appropriate, we will be able to ensure that young stu- be decided through consultation between the local party dents play a more positive role in socialist moderniza- committee and the responsible departments. tion. Only by strengthening leadership by the party and tightly unifying the broad number of teachers and stu- In implementing the system of school director responsi- dents around the party, will it be possible to powerfully bility under party committee leadership, the party com- resist corrosion by the ideological tide of bourgeois mittee is in the leading position in the school. The party liberalization and maintain a political situation of sta- committees will put the majority of their energies into bility and unity. studying and resolving the major problems in the work of the school, strengthen party building, and strengthen To sum up, if we want to achieve a change in the weak ideological and political work. They must improve work situation of ideological and political education, so that it systems and work methods, and respect and support the becomes a strong front supporting and safeguarding administrative leaders in carrying out their work inde- leadership by the party and the socialist system, and pendently and responsibly, but must not take on the becomes a cradle for training the builders of and succes- administrative duties. This is a higher requirement sors to the socialist cause, the basic measure is to which the new situation has placed on party committees strengthen party building in institutions of higher edu- of institutions of higher education in their work. The cation and strengthen party leadership in institutions of school director must implement the party's educational higher education. This is a common understanding policies in an overall way and persist in placing moral gained through summing up historical experiences and is education in prime position in all work in the school, an important political task of party organizations in seriously implement the collective decisions of the party institutions of higher education, committee, and take overall responsibility for teaching, research, and administrative work. It must be clearly 2. Uphold the Leading Position of the Party understood that doing well in ideological and political Committees of Institutions of Higher Education, work is an unshirkable duty of the heads of socialist Strengthen the Building of Leading Groups, and universities. The secretary of the party committee and Guarantee That Leadership Powers Are in the Hands of the school director should center on the common goal of Loyal Marxists running their socialist university well. While each will carry out his own duties and shoulder his own responsi- In his "Speech at the Meeting Celebrating the 40th bilities, they will support each other and closely coordi- Anniversary of the Establishment of the PRC," Comrade nate with one another. Jiang Zemin pointed out, "Our party is a great Marxist political party, a defending force in maintaining the In correctly bringing into play the leading role of the long-term stability of the political situation in China, party committee, it is necessary to adhere to the party's and a strong core leading the people of all nationalities in mass line, trust the masses, rely on the masses, come building socialism with Chinese characteristics." Party from the masses, and go back to the masses, so as to leadership of institutions of higher education includes motivate the enthusiasm and creativity of all sides in the political, ideological, and organizational leadership. This schools. The broad number of teaching staff and workers is manifested primarily in the correct line, principles, are the main forces in the work of teaching, research, and and policies formulated by the party Central Committee reform. They warmly love the cause of education, con- and manifested in decisionmaking on major issues such cern themselves with the development of their schools, JPRS-CAR-91-003 4 QIUSHI No 22, 16 November 1990 24 January 1991 are very familiar with the situation and work in their revolutionary. Comrade Deng Xiaoping said, "In future, schools, and have rich knowledge and experience. Before when we are arranging leading groups, whom should we the party committee takes decisions on major questions, select? We should select those persons who have seri- it should seriously seek and respect the opinions of these ously studied Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong staff and workers. The school administrative affairs Thought, and have passed the test of struggle. We should committee, academic affairs committee, specialized select those persons who are strong in party spirit, who teaching and research committees, and the teaching staff can unite, and who refuse to be taken in by fallacies. We and workers representative committees are effective must select those who are hardworking and plain-living, organizational forms for bringing into play decision- seek truth from facts, speak honestly, act honestly, and making democracy, academic democracy, and imple- are good people, and those who are honest and upright in menting democratic supervision, and the party com- their ways. We must select those who work hard, who mittee must fully bring the roles of these committees into link up with the masses, who concern themselves with play. The trade unions, CYL [Communist Youth the masses, who concern themselves with the hardships League] and student union are bridges and links between of the masses, who are bold, who have real experiences, the party and the masses. The party committee must and who can handle work."' We must do things in strengthen its leadership over and concern for these accordance with this demand by Comrade Deng Xiaop- groups and support them in independently carrying out ing. On the basis of carrying out overall examination of their work in accordance with the law and in accordance cadres, we must select' and appoint to leading groups with their own rules and regulations. Under the precon- those who have passed the tests of political struggle, and dition of adherence to the four cardinal principles, they who have both morality and ability. The selection and should implement the "double hundred" policy, enliven appointment of new members of the leading groups can the academic atmosphere, expand the democratic chan- be done from the same school or involve exchanges nels, enliven campus life, and create a lively and vibrant between schools. Also, some comrades who are strong political situation. The key to running socialist universi- politically and suited to education work can be selected ties well is having a good leading group. Collecting from other fronts and departments to enrich the leading together many years of practical experience, the leading groups at the two levels of schools and academic depart- group in an institution of higher education should be a ments in institutions of higher education. In consider- strong leadership collective with a high Marxist theoret- ation of the demands of current work, a small number of ical level, able to firmly implement the party's line party secretaries and school heads who have passed the principles and policies, good at doing ideological and usual retirement age should, after approval, be allowed political work, very familiar with the pattern of work in to suitably extend their length of tenure. the school, rationally structured, unified and coopera- tive, and tightly liked with the masses. Both the party Second, we must truly strengthen the building of the committee secretary and the school director should ideological style of leading groups. If the members of make efforts to become socialist educators. leading groups do not master the basic theories of Marxism, they will not be able to run socialist universi- Over the last few years, the leading groups of institutions ties well. It is necessary, through planned training and of higher education have, through readjustment and on-the-job study, for them to systematically read Marxist enrichment, realized major successes in implementing works, study practical methods, and answer questions by the policy of achieving "four changes" in the cadre combining theory with practice. We should, among the ranks. In the political disturbances which occurred last leading cadres of institutions of higher education, form a year, the vast majority of leading organs in institutions marked mood for studying Marxist theory, raise the of higher education withstood the test. However, because cadres' consciousness in implementing the basic line of of the influence of bourgeois liberalization and mistakes the party, and strengthen their principled stand and in our work, there still exist some problems which cannot creativity in work. We must pay attention to guarding be overlooked in the building of leading groups. Some against the trend whereby in our daily work we do not groups have been biased in the guiding ideology they pay attention to major ideological and political ques- employ in running schools. Some, facing the situation of tions. complex political struggle, have lacked the capacity to discriminate and lacked firmness and, at the crucial We need, in light of actual situations in institutions of time, even wavered. The members of the first-level higher education, to seriously implement the spirit of the leading groups in some schools have actively encouraged party Central Committee's decision on strengthening the bourgeois liberal viewpoints and supported or partici- party's links to the masses. Every party-member leading pated in the turmoil. Also, a problem which exists quite cadre must set an example; be honest in his duties; widely among the leading groups is that their level of closely link up with the masses; frequently go down Marxist theory is not high. among the broad number of teachers, cadres, staff and workers and students; seriously listen to their opinions; In order to further strengthen the building of leading conduct ideological and political work among them in a groups in institutions of higher education, while targeted way; show concern for their difficulties and arranging leading groups, it will be necessary to place in hardships; help them to resolve their problems; and prime position the task of making these groups more become their close friends. JPRS-CAR-91-003 24 January 1991 QIUSHI No 22, 16 November 1990 5 We must perfect the party committee work systems, contingent, they will be able to overcome any difficulty uphold the principle of collective leadership and firmly and be able to quite smoothly complete the various implement the system of democratic centralism. This is arduous tasks. Wherever the ideological tide of bour- a systematic guarantee for strengthening the internal geois liberalization crops up, this contingent will "put on unity of leading groups, centralizing collective wisdom, a rival show" to the mistaken ideologies, use right to reducing mistakes in work, and realizing democratic, overcome wrong, and not allow the wrong trends to scientific decisionmaking. In implementing the system constitute the "climate." of democratic centralism, we must guard against patri- archal behavior where one person has the say. However, In organizing this backbone contingent, strengthening looking from the actual situation at the present, we must the building of the teaching backbone contingent will at the same time guard against discussions without have especially major significance. The teaching staff are decision, decisions without action, irresponsibility, and in the front line of teaching and research. Their words lack of the necessary collective tendency. and actions have an important direct guiding effect on students. Much needs to be done in correctly imple- Third, we must build a reserve cadre contingent which menting the party's policy on intellectuals; in uniting has both morality and abilities. In selecting and with, relying on, and improving the broad number of appointing reserve cadres, we must stress the examina- teaching staff; and in strengthening the building of the tion of their political stand, political orientation, and teaching contingent. An important issue is optimizing ideological character. In particular, we must stress the the teaching contingent. We must adopt realistic mea- examination of people's actions during major political sures and raise the political, ideological, and professional struggles. We need to select for certain leadership qualities of teaching staff in an overall way. It is neces- responsibilities those outstanding young teachers and sary to firmly remove those persons who engage in cadres who have made a good showing. Then we should bourgeois liberalization. From now on, those students put increased pressure on them so that they are tempered who remain in their schools as teachers must be out- and brought to maturity through work practice. We need standing graduate students who have both morality and to create conditions under which planned, target- ability. We must control well the "import" gates. All oriented training can be given to young reserve cadres teaching staff must be worthy of the name of teacher, and organize them to systematically study Marxism; the teach well and educate the students, and carry out party's line, principles, and policies; and state's educa- ideological and political work for the students. tion laws and regulations. In accordance with the dif- ferent situations, we should arrange for them to sepa- At present, close to half the teaching staff in institutions rately go to enterprises, villages, organs, and schools to of higher education are party members, while the pro- carry out investigative research and occupational portion of party members among professors and assis- training, tant professors is even greater. This is one of our great advantages. Every party-member teacher and especially In the middle 1950's, when Comrade Mao Zedong was the party-member professors and assistant professors summing up the disturbances that had occurred in some must recognize their political responsibilities and use states, he said that the reason we were able to to "remain their outstanding work and model activities to spur on stable regardless of the disturbances which occur," was and unify the broad number of teaching staff in doing that our party had cadres who had very wide experiences well in their teaching and education work and in guiding and who had undergone tests in different revolutionary students to uphold the correct political orientation. If periods. One of the major reasons the other countries every party-member professor and assistnat professor were unstable was that they did not have such cadres. does well in guiding one young teacher, and if every Today, as we face the acute and complex international party-member teacher does well in guiding several young and domestic struggles, reviewing these teachings by students, then a major change will be seen in the features Comrade Mao Zedong is of very great relevance. As long of the whole school. The age and experiences of young as the leadership powers are in the hands of loyal party-member teachers are similar to those of the stu- Marxists, we will be able to pass the tests of any political dents and it is easier for them to pass on ideas to the disturbances and always remain in an invincible posi- students. We should stress bringing their role into play, tion. place strict demands upon them, and strengthen their training and education so that they become mature on 3. Building a Backbone Contingent That Is Both Red both the professional and ideological levels as quickly as and Expert, and Making This Into a Hard-Core Force possible and gradually take up the heavy burden of for Running Socialist Universities Well teaching, research, and ideological and political work. Many years of practice have proven that building a Here, I would like to stress the relationship between backbone contingent comprising mainly party members, teaching and education. Teaching is not only passing on but including activist elements among the teachers and knowledge. A more important aspect is fostering and students, plays a major role in maintaining party leader- guiding students on the political, ideological, and moral ship over institutions of higher education and in main- levels. Teaching and education are indivisible. It must be taining a socialist orientation in education. If institu- clearly noted that ideological and political education is tions of higher education have a powerful backbone the crux and a major part of our socialist education. It is JPRS-CAR-91-003 6 QIUSHI No 22, 16 November 1990 24 January 1991 not an attachment. Teachers, especially party-member research, and mass ideological education work, they teachers, must organically combine these two aspects. should generally be placed in the teacher's ranks, but Communist Party members have different professional some can enter the research ranks. We must, through tasks in society, but regardless of whether they are several years of hard efforts, build a high-quality party professors, experts, scholars, or people well-known in work contingent which has crack full-time personnel as their field, they must think of themselves first as party its backbone, but which combines both full-time and members. They must strengthen their concept of party part-time personnel. spirit, keep political responsibilities in mind, respect party discipline, and consciously complete the various In building this backbone contingent, we must place tasks the party organization has given them. improvement of political quality in prime position. At present and for some time in future, we must firmly Although the proportion of party members among the proceed from the fact that the party is the vanguard of students is small, such student party members should the working class, and we must strengthen ideological become the core of the student contingent. Party- education of party members in institutions of higher member students must strengthen their party spirit; education so that every party member, in the new actively propagate the party's stand; reflect to the orga- situation, can resolve their problems about joining the nization, in a timely way, the opinions, demands, and party ideologically, and really become advanced fighters ideological moods of the students; actively do well in with communist consciousness. We must emphasize ideological and political work centered on their fellow resolving four problems: 1) We must firm up our faith in students; and bring into play their model role in all communism, establish and master a Marxist stand, view- aspects of study and work. An important task of party- point, and methodology, and, on the political level, member students is to discover and foster activists and achieve a unity with the party Central Committee., 2) We have them take the lead in studying assiduously, drawing must uphold the goal of serving the people with all our close to the party organization, raising their conscious- heart and mind, subordinate personal interests to the ness, and, at key times, coming forward to work. If the interests of the party and the people and all play an number of activists can be gradually expanded so that advanced model role in our respective posts. 3) We must they constitute a certain proportion of in the student strengthen our party concept, implement the party deci- body, a new situation will appear in our student work. sions, and consciously accept the restraints of party For quite a time now, the ideological and political discipline. 4) We must tightly link up with the masses, situation among students has seen pleasing changes, reflect the masses' calls, accept supervision by the many people have actively applied to join the party and masses, and do well in mass work. voluntarily organized activities to study Marxism- Leninism and Lei Feng, and to establish a new work The ideological education of party members must adhere style. The party organizations in schools must grasp the to the principle of linking theory with practice and, in moment, strengthen training, and, in a timely way, draw light of the specific characteristics of institutions of into the party ranks those activists with the conditions to higher education, this education must be brave in con- be party members. cerning itself with and correctly answering the questions put forward in real life. The forms of education must be Party workers, in strengthening party building in insti- rich and diverse and stress must be placed on real results. tutions of higher education, shoulder a glorious and Over the last few years, many institutions of higher important task. For a long time now, they have worked education have run spare-time party schools, carried out hard and diligently, willingly borne the burden of the planned training of party members and activists, and task, and made great efforts to strengthen party building realized outstanding results. We must seriously sum up in institutions of higher education. We should fully and propagate experiences in this respect and gradually affirm their work. Party workers, as a backbone force, set up cadre schools in all schools with the proper must continue to bring into play their selfless and conditions. The secretary of the school party committee hardworking spirit of sacrifice. Party organizations at all will also be the head of the party school, full-time levels must greatly stress the building of party work teachers will be provided and responsible party com- contingents. First, we must concern ourselves with mittee comrades, full-time party workers, and teachers raising their political and professional qualities and of Marxist theory classes will be invited to teach part- create the necessary work, study, and advanced study time. By establishing party schools, every party member conditions, so that they continually improve their theory and especially young teacher party members and student and policy levels and work capacity and participate in party members will receive systematic education in the the school's work of Marxist theoretical education and basic theories of Marxism, the basic line of the party, and ideological and political education, so as to accord with basic knowledge about the party. At the same time, they the demands of party work under the new situation. In will also study modern Chinese history, so as to another respect, we must seriously resolve their real strengthen patriotic education. The training must imple- problems in terms of professional titles and the condi- ment a spirit of rectification and combine the study of tions they enjoy. In the appraisal and engagement of theory, the strengthening of party spirit, and the work of specialized party work cadres in specialized technical improvement. A party member's participation in study posts, in accordance with their participation in teaching, should be taken as an important aspect in the appraisal JPRS-CAR-91-003 24 January 1991 QIUSHI No 22, 16 November 1990 7 of that member. In future, all students who stay on at builders of and successors to the socialist cause, they their school as young teachers should pass through party must rely on the correct leadership of the party Central school training. Committee. Likewise, they must not divorce themselves from direct leadership by local party committees and the Improving the quality of this backbone contingent party organizations of relevant central departments and requires the creation of conditions. They should be able commissions, or from active coordination with the var- to participate in the practice of building socialist mate- ious levels of party committee organization and the rial culture and socialist spiritual culture and, by partic- departments which coordinate theory, literature and art, ipating in production activities; reform and and the news, and publishing, and must not divorce themselves propagation of the party's line, principles, and policies; from the strong support of industry, agriculture, and and in the criticism of bourgeois liberalization, they will other fronts. understand the national situation, become very knowl- edgable about workers and peasants, and increase their abilities. At the same time as they transform the objec- Seen from the actual situation in our country, how tive world, their subjective world will also be trans- institutions of higher education are run is closely related formed. to the economic, political, ideological, and cultural situ- ations in society. Institutions of higher education are not In building this backbone contingent, the role of the outside the world. The macroclimate of society always party's grassroots organizations, especially of the party influences the microclimate of the institutions of higher branches, should be brought into play. The reason our education, while the microclimate of the institutions of party has strength lies not only in its correct Marxist line, higher education can, in turn, have an effect on the but also in its tight organization. In many institutions of macroclimate of society. If the political and economic higher education, the building of party branches is a situation in society is very good, it will promote the weak link. The organizational life of some party stability and development of the school and, even if a branches is not healthy, there is a lack of education, few individuals stir things up, it will be difficult for them management, and supervision of party members and, at to make trouble. Seen from the school's side, if the crucial times, they do not have a fighting capacity. This school is run well and the situation within the school is problem must be seriously resolved. Strengthening the stable and it is continually providing skilled personnel building of party branches in institutions of higher and new scientific and technological achievements to education first requires the selection and deployment of society, this will play a major role in promoting the a branch leading group and especially the proper selec- stability and development of society. tion of a branch secretary. The branch secretary should be appointed from among those comrades who are strong in party spirit, have good political and profes- Guaranteeing the stability of society is a task that over- sional qualities and a proper work style, are responsible rides all others. Local party committees and the party in their work, have a spirit of devotion, and are sup- organizations of relevant central departments and com- ported by party members and the masses. Party mem- missions must seriously do good work and strive to bers must see party work as a due responsibility and eliminate all factors of instability in society and within obligation, not as an additional task. It must be made schools, and maintain the stability of institutions of clear that party members' participation in and work with higher education and of the entire society. The political one of the party organizations is an important principle situation in institutions of higher education at present is, of the Marxist-Leninist theory of party building. Those in overall terms, stable. However, there are some ideo- who are selected and approved as branch secretaries logical trends and elements of instability which are should feel honored by the trust which the party organi- worthy of attention. We should be particularly vigilant zation and the broad number of party members have in toward a very small number of persons who stubbornly them, recognize the major responsibilities involved, and adhere to a bourgeois liberal stand and who still try in strive to do their work well. The party branches should vain to cause trouble, and even some who threaten to really organize the party members well, develop various repeat the political disturbances of last year which were types of effective activities, strengthen the management long ago concluded. In response, we must maintain sober of party member education and encourage party mem- minds and a high degree of vigilance. At present, quite bers to go and do mass work. A party member who does obvious results have been achieved in economic not do mass work cannot be considered an up- improvement and rectification, in the deepening of to-standard party member, reform, and in the building of clean government. How- ever, many difficulties and problems still exist. We must fully recognize that stabilizing the situation in institu- 4. Earnestly Strengthening Leadership and Guidance by tions of higher education and safeguarding the stability the Local Party Committees and the Party Committees and unity of the entire society is still an extremely oOfv tehre PRaretlyev Wanot rCk einnt rIanls Dtiteuptiaortnms eonft sH aignhde rC oEmdumciastsiioonn s arduous political task. In order to create a favorable climate, all levels from the Central Committee to the If institutions of higher education are to adhere to the localities need to make efforts and every department, socialist education orientation, to deepen educational every unit, and every institution of higher education reform, and to complete the arduous task of training must earnestly shoulder responsibility. JPRS-CAR-91-003 8 QIUSHI No 22, 16 November 1990 24 January 1991 Over the last few years, the local party committees and An important aspect in strengthening leadership over the party organs of the various central departments and institutions of higher education by local party commit- committees have strengthened leadership over institu- tees and the party organizations of relevant central tions of higher education. In the political disturbances of departments and commissions is to have major leaders spring and summer last year, many local party commit- personally take part in the work. Our country has 1,075 tees and party organizations of various central depart- institutions of higher education, of which over 100 are ments and commissions directly grasped institutions of key institutions of quite great influence. The provincial higher education, supported the work of school leaders, party secretaries, ministers, and responsible comrades of and thereby enabled many of the institutions to handle the the State Education Commission must personally the turmoil problem in a quite stable manner. After the choose a university, conduct deep investigative research, counterrevolutionary rebellion was quelled, the various and guide and assist in the work of the school. If we make unremitting efforts for three to five years, we will be able areas and the relevant departments did a further large to effect a basic change in the political situation, spiritual amount of work. The party organizations of institutions mien, and the educational, research, and management of higher education are now linked to the localities, and aspects of 100-plus universities, and be able to spur on local party committees must strengthen their leadership work in the other institutions of higher education. over the work of these party organizations in institutions Thereby, we will be able to gradually travel down a new of higher education. The party organizations of the road in running socialist universities with Chinese char- various central departments and commissions should acteristics well. closely coordinate with local party committees and, in respect of their subordinate schools, must not only Strengthening party building in institutions of higher manage professional work, but also manage ideological education is an arduous and pressing task facing us. and political work and manage the assessment and Under the leadership of the party Central Committee, we training of the leading cadres of the schools. When major must inherit and carry forward the fine traditions of the problems are encountered, they must actively assist the party and put all our efforts into doing this work well. It local party committees to do good work. When arranging is thus possible that through the joint efforts of the party ,the party organizations of central depart- organizations at all levels and the broad masses of party leading groups,sthe musta ctions wditeh members, we will be able to greatly strengthen the ments and commissions must actively consult with the building of party organizations in institutions of higher local party committee and seriously listen to their opin- education, so that they can shoulder the important task ions, and the local party committees should give their of fostering and training generation after generation of support. Seen from the present situation, there is still builders of and successors to the socialist cause. much work to be done in having the local party commit- tees and party organizations of relevant central depart- Footnote ments and commissions further strengthen leadership 1. Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, 1975-82, p. 72. over institutions of higher education. At regular inter- vals, they should study major problems of institutions of Science and Technology Development Trends in higher education and get a good grasp of whether or not China and the World in the 1990's the educational orientation of the schools is correct, whether or not the leading groups are strong, whether or HK2812123190 Beijing QIUSHI [SEEKING TRUTH] not the party organizations have fighting capacity and in Chinese No 22, 16 Nov 90 pp 10-16, 9 what the ideological mood and ideological orientation of the teachers and students are like, and adopt realistic [Article by Shou Guangzhao (0179 0342 0664)] measures to guide and assist the schools in doing good [Text] Man understands nature through a gradual sum- work. mary of his production practice; it is necessary for one to understand many laws of nature in order to perform this Many problems still exist at present in terms of educa- practice. This thus brought about the birth of the first tional conditions and other aspects of work in institu- schools, as well as the development of science. For instance, to engage in agriculture, we need a calendar, tions of higher education. The various localities and the which thus brought the development of astronomy. In relevant central departments and commissions must, in order to measure land plots, we promoted the develop- accordance with the actual situation, give necessary ment of geometry. It is just as Engels said, "Whenever personnel, material, and financial support to the institu- there is a need for technology in society, this need would tions of higher education under their locality or depart- make science progress more than the result of promotion ment, and help these institutions resolve the difficulties by 10 universities."1 In the wake of improvement in they face when trying to arrange for students to partici- production, scientific experiments have gradually sepa- pate in social practice, so as to promote the stability and rated from being a productive labor and production development of the institutions of higher education, practice to become an independent social activity of Recently, Shanghai and Guangdong made arrangements mankind. Later, under the driving force of scientific in this respect and their experiences can be used as exploration and economic demand, science and tech- reference. nology developed at a more rapid pace. Meanwhile, it