NDLERF Drug and Alcohol intoxication and Subsequent Harm in night-time Entertainment Districts (DASHED) Professor Peter Miller, Associate Professor Raimondo Bruno, Anthony Morgan, Richelle Mayshak, Elise Cox, Dr Kerri Coomber, Dr Nicolas Droste, Nicholas Taylor, Nicolette Dimitrovski, Dr Amy Peacock, Hayley Boxall and Isabella Voce Monograph Series No. 67 Funded by the National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund An Initiative of the National Drug Strategy Drug and Alcohol intoxication and Subsequent Harm in night-time Entertainment Districts (DASHED) Professor Peter Miller Associate Professor Raimondo Bruno Anthony Morgan Richelle Mayshak Elise Cox Dr Kerri Coomber Dr Nicolas Droste Nicholas Taylor Nicolette Dimitrovski Dr Amy Peacock Hayley Boxall Isabella Voce Funded by the National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund, an initiative of the National Drug Strategy Produced by the National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund (NDLERF) GPO Box 1936, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601 © Commonwealth of Australia 2016 ISSN: 1449-7476 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth available from the National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund. Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund, GPO Box 1936, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601. Opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund (NDLERF) Board of Management or the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. The research on which this report is based was funded by the National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund, an initiative of the National Drug Strategy. v Contents Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................xviii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................xix Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................01 The current study .......................................................................................................................................02 Methods ....................................................................................................................................................10 Patron interviews ........................................................................................................................................10 Observations in and around licensed establishments ..................................................................................12 Administrative data .....................................................................................................................................14 Analysis ......................................................................................................................................................18 Assessment of the economic costs of alcohol-related crime .......................................................................19 Results ......................................................................................................................................................23 Patron interviews ........................................................................................................................................23 Venue observations ....................................................................................................................................65 Administrative data ...................................................................................................................................109 Assessment of the economic costs of alcohol-related crime ....................................................................221 Summary and discussion of trends .......................................................................................................231 Patron demographics ...............................................................................................................................231 Alcohol consumption ................................................................................................................................231 Pre-drinking behaviours ............................................................................................................................232 Energy drink consumption ........................................................................................................................232 Illicit drug consumption .............................................................................................................................232 Aggressive incidents and safety ................................................................................................................233 Key findings ..............................................................................................................................................236 Conclusions ..............................................................................................................................................246 References ..............................................................................................................................................247 Contents vi Tables Table 1 Canberra population, 2004–15 .........................................................................................................04 Table 2 Hobart population, 2004–15 .............................................................................................................07 Table 3 Offence type ...................................................................................................................................16 Table 4 Participants’ gender and age by interview type (brief/full) ..................................................................23 Table 5 BAC reading by self-reported level of intoxication .............................................................................24 Table 6 Levels of intoxication among participants by age groups ..................................................................25 Table 7 Levels of intoxication among participants by gender .........................................................................25 Table 8 BAC readings grouped by level and sex ...........................................................................................26 Table 9 Current night out behaviours by gender ............................................................................................27 Table 10 Current night out behaviours by age ...............................................................................................27 Table 11 Self-reported intended method of getting home ..............................................................................28 Table 12 Participants’ self-rated driving ability by measures of intoxication ....................................................29 Table 13 Interviewer recorded intoxications signs by gender .........................................................................29 Table 14 Measures and self-reported indicators of intoxication by interviewer reported signs of intoxication ........................................................................................................................................30 Table 15 BAC by number of interviewer-recorded signs of intoxication (only: slurred speech, spilling drinks, staggering/falling over and glassy/red eyes) ......................................................................30 Table 16 Pre-drinking behaviours by sex and age .........................................................................................31 Table 17 Current night consumption patterns and risk behaviour according to whether reported pre-drinking on current night out .............................................................................................................32 Table 18 Energy drink consumption by gender and age ................................................................................33 Table 19 Energy drink consumption patterns by BAC ..................................................................................34 Table 20 Aggression, harm and offending in the past three months according to energy drink use on the current night ...........................................................................................................................................36 Table 21 Self-reported use of substances other than alcohol in Canberra during the night of the interview, by gender ...............................................................................................................................................37 Table 22 Aggression, harm, and offending in the previous three months according to use of illicit drugs during the night of the interview.....................................................................................................37 Table 23 Positive drug swabs by gender .......................................................................................................38 Table 24 Self-report versus drug swab result for pre-interview illicit drug use.................................................38 Table 25 Self-reported involvement in aggression in the last three months by gender and age ......................39 Table 26 Experience of alcohol-related harms and involvement of risk behaviours in the past three months by gender ..........................................................................................................................41 Table 27 Self-reported safety rating by gender and age ................................................................................42 Table 28 Participant gender and age by interview type (brief/full) ...................................................................43 Table 29 BAC by self-reported level of intoxication ........................................................................................44 Table 30 Levels of intoxication among participants by age groups ................................................................44 Drug and alcohol intoxication and subsequent harm in night-time entertainment districts (DASHED) vii Table 31 Levels of intoxication among participants by gender .......................................................................44 Table 32 BAC grouped by level and sex ........................................................................................................45 Table 33 Current night out behaviours by gender ..........................................................................................46 Table 34 Current night out behaviours by age ...............................................................................................47 Table 35 Self-reported intended method of getting home ..............................................................................48 Table 36 Participants’ self-rated driving ability by measures of intoxication ....................................................48 Table 37 Interviewer recorded signs of intoxication by gender .......................................................................49 Table 38 Measures and self-reported indicators of intoxication by interviewer reported signs of intoxication .........................................................................................................................................49 Table 39 BAC by number of interviewer-recorded signs of intoxication (only: slurred speech, spilling drinks, staggering/falling over and glassy/red eyes) ......................................................................50 Table 40 Pre-drinking behaviours by gender and age ....................................................................................50 Table 41 Pre-drinking behaviours by current night consumption patterns and risk behaviour ........................52 Table 42 Energy drink consumption by gender and age ................................................................................53 Table 43 Energy drink consumption patterns by BAC reading .......................................................................54 Table 44 Aggression, harm and offending in past three months by energy drink consumption ......................56 Table 45 Self-reported use of substances other than alcohol during the current night out by gender .............57 Table 46 Use of illicit drugs during the night of the interview and aggressive and offending behaviours in the previous three months .................................................................................................57 Table 47 Positive drugs swabs by gender .....................................................................................................58 Table 48 Self-report versus drug swab for pre-interview drug use .................................................................58 Table 49 Self-reported involvement in aggression in the last three months by gender and age ......................59 Table 50 Experience of alcohol-related harms and involvement of risk behaviours in the past three months by gender ..........................................................................................................................61 Table 51 Self-reported safety rating by gender and age ................................................................................62 Table 52 Number of hourly observations by venue classification ...................................................................65 Table 53 Number of observations by hour and venue classification ...............................................................66 Table 54 Patron descriptions by hour and venue classification ......................................................................67 Table 55 Venue classification versus patron intoxication per hour ..................................................................71 Table 56 Distribution of patron intoxication across availability of drink promotions (n=227) ............................72 Table 57 Distribution of observed patron intoxication across AmED use ........................................................73 Table 58 Patron illicit drug use by venue classification ..................................................................................73 Table 59 Crowding around bar across venue type ........................................................................................76 Table 60 Forms of entertainment by venue type ............................................................................................80 Table 61 Drink type by frequency and price ..................................................................................................81 Table 62 Average number of staff by venue type and time of night ................................................................82 Table 63 Average number security staff by venue type and time of night based on hourly observations ........83 Contents viii Table 64 Groups of energy drink users observed by time* .............................................................................84 Table 65 Types of alcohol mixed with energy drinks ......................................................................................84 Table 66 Groups of drug users observed by time ..........................................................................................85 Table 67 Groups of drug users observed by suspected drug type ................................................................85 Table 68 Observed sexual incidents by time of day .......................................................................................86 Table 69 Number of hourly observations by venue classification ...................................................................86 Table 70 Number and percentage of observations by hour and venue classification ......................................88 Table 71 Patron descriptions by hour and venue classification ......................................................................88 Table 72 Patron intoxication per hour by venue classification .......................................................................93 Table 73 Distribution of patron intoxication across availability of drink promotions (n=146) ............................94 Table 74 Distribution of observed patron intoxication across AmED use ........................................................95 Table 75 Illicit drug use per hour by venue classification ...............................................................................95 Table 76 Crowding around bar across venue type ........................................................................................97 Table 77 Forms of entertainment by venue type ..........................................................................................100 Table 78 Drink type by frequency and price ................................................................................................101 Table 79 Average number of staff by venue type and time of night ..............................................................102 Table 80 Average number of security staff by venue type and time of night .................................................103 Table 81 Groups of energy drink users observed by time* ...........................................................................104 Table 82 Types of alcohol mixed with energy drinks ....................................................................................105 Table 83 Groups of drug users observed by time ........................................................................................105 Table 84 Groups of drug users observed by suspected drug type ..............................................................105 Table 85 Alcohol- and drug-related ambulance attendances by gender, Civic and Braddon (ACT) ..............111 Table 86 Alcohol-related ambulance attendances by gender, Hobart and Battery Point (Tas) ......................117 Table 87 The effect of interventions implemented in Hobart on the rate of alcohol-related ambulance attendances per month .........................................................................................................................120 Table 88 The effect of interventions implemented in Canberra on the rate of emergency department injury presentations per week ................................................................................................................129 Table 89 The effect of interventions implemented in Hobart on the rate of emergency department injury presentations per week ...............................................................................................................135 Table 90 Number of assaults in Braddon and City, January 2010 to December, 2014 in Canberra (ACT) ....140 Table 91 Location assaults took place, Braddon (ACT) ...............................................................................143 Table 91 Location assaults took place, Braddon (ACT) ...............................................................................144 Table 93 The effect of interventions implemented in Canberra on the rate of police attended assaults per month .............................................................................................................................................151 Table 94 Number of sexual offences in Braddon and City (ACT) ..................................................................151 Table 95 Frequency of property damage in Braddon and City (ACT) ...........................................................156 Table 96 Location where property damage took place, Braddon (ACT) .......................................................156 Drug and alcohol intoxication and subsequent harm in night-time entertainment districts (DASHED) ix Table 97 Location where property damage took place, City (ACT) ..............................................................157 Table 98 Number and percentage of alcohol-related property damage offences by day of the week, Braddon and City (ACT) ........................................................................................................................158 Table 99 Number of street offences in Braddon and City (ACT) ...................................................................162 Table 100 Location street offences took place, Braddon (ACT) ...................................................................162 Table 101 Location street offences took place, City (ACT) ...........................................................................162 Table 102 Number of drink-driving offences in Braddon and City (Canberra) ...............................................167 Table 103 Offence types and percentage of each offence type that was alcohol-related, Canberra (ACT) ..171 Table 104 Offence outcomes, Canberra (ACT) ...........................................................................................172 Table 105 Number of assaults, Battery Point and Hobart (suburb) ............................................................181 Table 106 Number and percentage of assaults by month, Battery Point (Tas)..............................................189 Table 107 The effect of interventions implemented in Hobart on the rate of police-attended assaults per month .............................................................................................................................................193 Table 108 Number of sexual offences in Battery Point and the suburb of Hobart (Tas) ................................194 Table 109 Number of property damage offences in Battery Point and the suburb of Hobart (Tas) ...............195 Table 110 Number and percentage of property damage offences by month, Battery Point (Tas) .................199 Table 111 Number and percentage of property damage offences by month, Hobart (Tas) ...........................200 Table 112 Number of street offences in Battery Point and suburb of Hobart (Tas) ......................................202 Table 113 Type of occurrence of drink-driving offences, Battery Point and Hobart (suburb) .......................208 Table 114 Types of drugs detected for drug-driving offences, Hobart Offence Division ...............................211 Table 115 Total number of venues by number of liquor licensing breaches in Canberra and Hobart ............217 Table 116 Salary costs of police time responding to alcohol-related offences, by offence type, 2014 ..........222 Table 117 Salary costs of police time responding to alcohol-related incidents, by incident type, 2014 .........223 Table 118 Person-shift hours and associated salary costs for proactive resource allocation and activity constants, Regional Targeting Team, 2014 ............................................................................................225 Table 119 Costs of crime (excluding criminal justice costs) for selected incident types, 2014ab ........................................226 Table 120 Additional cost items included in the estimated cost of assault incidents ....................................228 Table 121 Cost of court proceedings for alcohol-related assault offences, 2014 .........................................228 Table 122 Imprisonment costs for alcohol-related assault offences, 2014 ($) ..............................................229 Table 123 BAC levels across Australian cities ..............................................................................................239 Table 124 Proportion of interviewees experiencing alcohol-related harms and involved in risk behaviours in the past three months across sites ....................................................................................................239 Table 125 Proportion of interviewees involved in aggression in and surrounding NEPs in the past three months across sites .....................................................................................................................240 Table 126 Summary of estimated costs associated with alcohol-related crime in Canberra City and Braddon, ACT 2014 (2014–15 Australian dollars) ..................................................................................245 Contents x Figures Figure 1 Clustering of bars, pubs, nightclubs, hotels and restaurants as identified by Google maps within the entertainment precincts of City and Braddon, Canberra ........................................................05 Figure 2 Clustering of bars, pubs, nightclubs, hotels, and restaurants as identified by Google maps within the entertainment precincts of Hobart and Battery Point, Tasmania .............................................08 Figure 3 Canberra postcodes 2600 (left) and 2601 (right) for which liquor licensing data were obtained ......17 Figure 4 Entertainment district in Hobart for which liquor licensing data were obtained ...............................17 Figure 5 Age distribution of participants ......................................................................................................24 Figure 6 Mean BAC level by time of interview ..............................................................................................25 Figure 7 BAC levels per hour across the night .............................................................................................26 Figure 8 Self-reported main motivation for being out when interviewed (n=657) ..........................................28 Figure 9 Location where participants (n=811) reported previous alcoholic drink ..........................................31 Figure 10 Self-reported reasons for pre-drinking (N=380) ............................................................................33 Figure 11 Percentage of interviewees consuming energy drinks by time of interview ...................................34 Figure 12 Mean energy drink consumption by time of interview* ................................................................35 Figure 13 People with whom participants reported last experiencing aggression or unwanted sexual attention in the past three months* .............................................................................................40 Figure 14 Self-reported safety rating according to time of interview .............................................................42 Figure 15 Age distribution of participants ....................................................................................................43 Figure 16 Mean BAC level by time of interview ............................................................................................45 Figure 17 BAC levels per hour of interview ..................................................................................................46 Figure 18 Self-reported main motivation for being out when interviewed (n=541) ........................................47 Figure 19 Locations where participants (n=708) reported previous drink .....................................................51 Figure 20 Self-reported motivation for pre-drinking (N=360)* .......................................................................53 Figure 21 Percentage of interviewees consuming energy drinks by hour .....................................................54 Figure 22 Mean energy drink consumption reported consumed prior to interview by time of interview* .......55 Figure 23 People participants reported last experiencing aggression or unwanted sexual attention within the past three months* ................................................................................................................60 Figure 24 Self-reported safety rating by time of interview ............................................................................62 Figure 25 Percentage of observation records per month, Canberra 2015 ...................................................65 Figure 26 Percentage of observation record per hour of day .......................................................................66 Figure 27 Average number of patrons by time of night ................................................................................68 Figure 28 Average percent of venue capacity filled by time of night .............................................................68 Figure 29 Average percentage of male patrons by time of night ..................................................................69 Figure 30 Average percentage of patrons under 25 years of age by time of night ........................................69 Figure 31 Patron intoxication trends by hour* ..............................................................................................70 Figure 32 Frequency of intoxication rating per venue classification* .............................................................70 Drug and alcohol intoxication and subsequent harm in night-time entertainment districts (DASHED)