“Preparation and Comparative Chemical evaluation of Kukkutanda twak Bhasma samples with and without Hingula.” By Dr. Sheena S. Dissertation submitted to the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,Karnataka,Bangalore in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of AYURVEDA VACHASPATI DOCTOR OF MEDICINE (Ayu) in RASASHASTRA Under the guidance of Dr. J. Dinesh Nayak, M.D (ayu) HEAD Department of Rasashastra CO-GUIDE: Dr. Sathyanarayana B. M.D(ayu), PROFESSOR Department of Post Graduate Studies in Rasashastra Muniyal Institute of Ayurveda Medical Sciences, Manipal 2OII-2012 RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE I hereby declare that Dissertation or Thesis entitled “Preperation and comparative chemical evaluation of Kukkutanda Twak Bhasma samples with and without Hingula” is a bonafide and genuine research work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. J. Dinesh Nayak, MD (Ayu), HOD, Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana. Date : By Place : Manipal Dr. Sheena S. B.A.M.S RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE This is to certify that the Dissertation entitled “Preperation and comparitive chemical evaluation of Kukkudanda Twak Bhasma Samples with and without Hingula” is a bonafide research work done by Dr. Sheena S. in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Medicine in Ayurveda. Date : Signature of the guide Place : Manipal Dr. J. Dinesh Nayak MD (Ayu) HOD Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES CERTIFICATE BY THE CO – GUIDE This is to certify that the Dissertation entitled “Preperation and comparitive chemical evaluation of Kukkudanda Twak Bhasma samples with and without Hingula” is a bonafide research work done by Dr. Sheena S. in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Medicine in Ayurveda. Date: Signature of the co- guide Place: Manipal Dr. Sathyanarayana Bhat MD (Ayu) Professor Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES ENDORSEMENT BY THE H.O.D, PRINCIPAL HEAD OF THE INSTITUTION This is to certify that the Dissertation entitled “Preperation and chemical evaluation of Kukkudanda Twak Bhasma samples with and without Hingula” is a bonafide research work done by Dr. Sheena. S under the guidance of Dr. J. Dinesh Nayak MD (Ayu), HOD, PG department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana. Dr. J. Dinesh Nayak Dr. Satyanarayana Bhat H.O.D Principal Dept of R.S and B.K Muniyal Institute of Ayurvedic Medical Sciences Manipal Date : Place : Manipal COPYRIGHT Declaration By The Candidate I hereby declare that Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this dissertation in print or electronic for academic or research purpose. Date : By Place : Manipal Dr.Sheena S. B.A.M.S © Rajiv Gandhi Univerity of Health Sciences, Karnataka. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT  At this amenity of successful accomplishment of my work, I bow to Lord Vishnu,and thank him for the blessings he has bestowed upon me due to which I got enough strength to perform my duties immaculately.  It is beyond the reach of any language to express the pure, warm, sweet and bright flame of gratefulness to my loving parents Mr.Sahadevan.P and Mrs.SheelaSahadevan whose love, support, blessings ,sacrifice and encouragement were the initiating sources, which directed me towards progress and success in each and every step of my life. Nothing can ever absolve me of my indebtness to the sacrifices of my parents.  I cannot express my thanks in words for my son Ishan,whose cooperation with my studies was beyond his age to understand.  I owe my highest regards to my beloved life partner Dr.Dhaneesh Karthikeyan Iam truly indebted for his unconditional love,constant untiring support,advice, inspiration,co-operation and sharing responsibilities.  I express my hearty gratitude with profound respect to my guide Dr.J.Dinesh Nayak, MD(AYU), Professor, Dept. of RS & BK, for his indefatigable and indefeasable guidance. His constant inspiration and encouragement gave me considerable impetus in achieving milestone is worth memorable.  I would like to express my sincere and deepest gratitude to my co-guide, the dynamic paragon Dr.Satyanarayana Bhat, PRINCIPAL, DEPT. OF RS & BK, for his whole sole supervision, suggestions, motivation, inspiration and kind cooperation with effective advices which led me today to arrive at a conclusion of this dissertation.  I extend my sincere respect to the honourable chairman of the institution,Dr. M.V.Shetty, without whose support the mere admission into Post Graduation would not have been possible.  I express my heartfelt gratitude to my sister Dr.Sajna and my brother Sachin for their love, support,prayer , care and sacrifices which they has done for my studies.  I owe a special debt of gratitude to towards the reputed pharmacy Sree Ayyappa Ayurveda pharmaceuticals,Aryankavu in helping me to procure my raw materials.  I would like to express my heartly thanks for the constant inspiration and encouragement given by my parents in law Dr.Kartkikeyan.K and Mrs.ChandramathiKarthikeyan and my sister Dhanya,brother Jayakumar and sweet Gaurishankar  I offer my special thanks to the honourable minister Mr.Shibu Baby John for his support in helping me to complete this work.  I would like to express my genuine gratitude to Dr.Shripathi Acharya, Dr.Chandrakanth, Dr.Priyadarsini and Dr.Shanthini shetty for their valuable suggestions and time to time guidelines.  I am thankful to Mrs.Shilpa Nayak and Pranitha QC Advisor for their contribution in Analytical & Chemical analysis .  I offer my special thanks to my collegues Dr.K.R.Hebbar,and Dr.AryaJince for their critical suggestions and appreciable help.  I am thankful to my friends Dr.Babitha and Nimmya for their moral support.  I express my high gratitude to my junior brothers Dr. Jose Mathews,Dr Jessin John, Dr.Unni Mohan,Dr.VivekPatil for their support in completion of this work .  My special thanks to Mr.subhash and Mr.Robin, NIT Calicut for SEM analysis.  I whole heartedly thank Mr.Praful MCOPS, Manipal.  I am very thankful to Mrs.RajiRajesh CESS,Tvm for XRD analysis  I also thank MS/Shivatech, Bangalore for their co-operation in Analytical study.  I express my sincere thanks to Ms.Kumari and Ms.Rohini for the valuable help to achieve goal.  I express my sincere gratitude to the non teaching staff of our institution Mr.Gopal, Mr.Udayakumar, Mr.Satish, Mr.Yogesh, Mr.Prakash, Mrs. Mamta and for their cooperation throughout my work.  I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude for my enemies, relatives and friends for their constant inspiration  I express my sincere thanks to Sampark Xerox, Udupi.  Lastly but not least I express my thanks to each and every person who have given their pound of flesh in accomplishing this task without any blemishes, and I seek pardon and apologize for any errata, which still remain a version. Dr. Sheena S. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Ananda Kanda - A.Ks Astanga Hridaya - A.H Astanga Sangraha - A.S Ayurveda Prakasha - A. P Bhava Prakasha - Bh.P Caraka Samhita - C.S Dravyagunavijnaniyam - D.G.V Rasamritam - R.A Rasendra Chandamsu - Ra.cha Rasendra Chudamani - R. Chu Rasa Hrudaya Tantra - R.H.T. Rasa Ratna Samucchaya - R.R.S. Rasendra Sara Samgraha - Ra.Sa.Sa. Rasa Tarangini - R. T. Rasarnava - R.M Sushruta Samhita - Su. sa Rasa Tantra Sara Va Sidha - Ra.Ta. Sa. Va.Si.San Prayog Sangraha Yogaratnakara - Y.R INDEX SL NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO. 1 INTRODUCTION 1-5 2 CONCEPTUAL STUDY 6-39 3 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY 40-55 4 ANALYTICAL STUDY 56-80 5 DISCUSSION 81-90 6 CONCLUSION 91 7 SUMMARY 92-93 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY 94-99