1 Drosera regia Stephens Nigel Hewitt-Cooper •The Homestead • Glastonbury Road •WestPennard • Somerset, BA6 8NN UK • • [email protected] Keywords: Cultivation: Drosera regia Much has been written about this interesting species ofsundew overtheyears, both in the popu- lar literature and indeed on-line in more recent times. Much ofwhat is written would serve to dis- courage the averagehobbyist fromattempting cultivation, and as aresult until surprisingly recently Drosera regia was scarcely seen. Thetruth however, is that this plantis generally easy to grow suc- cessfully, and once established is a long lived perennial which can attain huge dimensions. Although it is becoming commoner in peoples collections, it remains exceedingly rare in the wild, with one of the smallest and most endangered natural ranges of any Drosera species. It is found in a single remote valley at Bainskloof, near Cape Town in South Africa at an altitude of 600-900 m, where itexists as two separate colonies, one ofwhich couldpossibly already be extinct (pers. comm.) It has been suggested that the two colonies differ by one having slightly broader leaves. Here they are found growing amongst dense grasses which make them somewhat difficult to find, and indeed they compete with the surrounding vegetation by producing their sword-shaped lanceolate leaves up to 50 cmin length-the largest ofany Drosera. At theirbases the leaves can be up to 2 cm wide, gradually tapering to a point at their apex, with many large tentacles up to 4 mm in length, each topped with a generous droplet ofmucilage found on the upper surface ofthe leaf, facing inwards toward the growth point (see Fig. 1). The rear ofthe leaves is glabrous, with a large raised central vein which runs the entire length. They are a uniform bright apple green color, with thecentral veinbeing slightlylighter, and suffusingredattheirbasebythegrowthpoint(seeFig. 2). Producingleaves ofthis sizeenables theplanttocaptureinsectprey ofasubstantiallylargerbulk than other species, and unlike other upright species such asDroserafiliformis fromNorthAmerica, and Drosera graminifolia from South America, Drosera regia has not only active tentacles, but is able to curl its leaves along their entire length. This power ofmovement ensures that the plant can catch and hold prey as large as the common wasp Vespula vulgaris, the leaves often folding over more than 360° in the struggle. The large amount of mucilage produced by the tentacles mean that this species catches many more insects than others, and its leaves can become blackwith insect carcases. Figure 1 : Close up of Drosera regia leaves. Figure 2: Red leaf bases of Drosera regia. Volume 40 December 201 109 Figure 3: Adult Drosera regia plants. This plant has the unusual characteristic of producing arhizome, which is clothed by dead leaf bases and which, periodically, divides into two branches. Over many years the whole plant can become very large with numer- ous growth points. My original plant, which is now over 18 years old, has 6 such growth points and over-hangs its 35-liter pot. It is ap- proximately 60 cm across with leaves usually in excess of 45 cm in length, produced each year (see Fig. 3). Figure 4: Drosera regia plants emerging Their growth pattern is fairly similar to from dormancy. many other South African Drosera species. Over winter when the light levels drop, they lose their growth, producing a kind of loose hibernacula of tiny truncated leaves sometimes barely 1 cminlength (seeFig. 4).At this time they are fairly tolerant oflow temperatures, endur- ing the occasional freeze. With the increase in day length, growth resumes in early March, and within one month they can produce a rosette of4 or 5 mature leaves which unfurl watch-spring- like until they are fully open. The firstflush ofleaves are followedby flower stalks which are easily recognisable as they are circular in cross section, glabrous, and with a narrowly ovate embryonic bud covered in short, 110 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 1 Figure 5: Glandular Drosera regia calyx Figure 6: The stigmas are simple and un lobes. receptive. stalked red glandular hairs-protection from sap sucking insects (see Fig. 5). The flower scapes are usually taller than the leaves and can branch several times, so a single stem may support as many as 20 flowers. The flowers themselves are spectacular, up to 3 cm in diameter, bright pink with darker pink veins running the length of each petal, with the green glandular calyx lobes holding their bases together so that a tube is formed, from which emerge the anthers and Figure 7: Receptive, fimbriate stigmas, clearly visible. Volume 40 December 201 111 stigmas. This species is usually regarded as being selfsterile, but the flowers have a mechanism for reducing the risk of selfpollination. Bright yellow pollen is released copiously shortly after opening, but at this time the stigmas are simple, unbranched, and un-receptive (see Fig. 6). Once the pollen has been released, the stigma tips open and feather out, becoming fimbriate (see Fig. 7). When this occurs, the flower can be pollinated with pollen from another flower (although some residual pollen may be released from the same flower). Several flowers open together to give a better chance ofseed-set, and I have obtained a good quantity ofseed from single clones. mm The seeds are falcate and 2 in length (see Fig. 8). Ofcourse, having more than one clone is preferable as the resulting progeny are likely to be more variable and vigorous. After flowering, growth continues, with each growth point producing several more leaves, which toward the end of the season become progressively shorter as autumn approaches. With the onset ofwinter, the glandular leaves die back and dormancy begins. Despite what has written about this plant, it is easy to grow in cultivation and as I’ve already stated is long-lived. Mine grow in the same bed as my other summergrowing SouthAfrican spe- cies such as D. capensis, D. admirabilis, and D. slackii, with a southerly aspect in full sun, and stood in 2-3 inches ofrain water for the growing season. Over winter the water is reduced down so as the compostremains damp, but doesn’t dry out. I use a silver sand and peat moss mix to a ratio of60% sand and 40% peat which gives good results. Seed is the best method of producing a number ofplants, but it is somewhat slower than in other species. Seed appears not to require any pre-treatment and can be surface sown on plain peat moss in the spring and early summer. Keep in a sunny position and in a tray ofrain water, and germination commences in 3-5 weeks. I find it best to leave the seedlings until they are at least 2 cm in height before potting separately in to 7-8 cm pots in the same compost as men- tioned above. Root cuttings work well, and can easily be taken without disturbing the adult plant (which they seem to dislike, by the way), as they fre- quently grow out ofthe drainage holes oftheir containers and can simply be cut off. Reduce each root to 5 cm in length, and lay on the surface ofpeat moss. Cover lightly with some torn sphagnum moss, water well from above with rain water, and enclose in a plastic bag to maintain a high humidity. Keep in a bright po- sition away from direct sunlight to avoid over- heating, and check weekly. In approximately 4 weeks, the roots will produce tiny green buds which will develop into new plants. Once they Figure 8: Close-up of fresh Drosera regia seed. are growing well, gradually harden off the plants by making a small hole in the bag, in- creasing the size ofit alittle each day for a week, at which time the bag can be removed. As with the seedlings, leave the young plants until they are 2 cm in height before potting separately. The cuttings are best taken in the spring. Seed grown plants are occasionally available at the nursery website at www.hccarnivorousplants.co.uk 112 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter