Michael Segal Dreams, Riddles, and Visions Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft Edited by John Barton, Reinhard G. Kratz, and Markus Witte Band 455 Michael Segal Dreams, Riddles, and Visions Textual, Contextual, and Intertextual Approaches to the Book of Daniel ISBN 978-3-11-033086-1 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-033099-1 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978–3-11–038997–5 ISSN 0934–2575 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2016 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Contents 0 Introduction | 1 0.1. Divinely Inspired Wisdom in Daniel | 2 0.2. Textual Questions: Alternate Editions of Daniel | 3 0.3. Intertextual Contexts: Daniel as Second Temple Literature | 7 0.4. Exegetical Insights: Rereading the Book of Daniel | 9 1 Introducing the Book of Daniel (Daniel 1) | 13 1.1. The List of Instructions to Ashpenaz | 15 1.2. How did God help Daniel vis-à-vis the םיסירסה רש? | 19 1.3. A Story within a Story | 22 Appendix: The Third Year of Jehoiakim’s Reign | 26 2 Daniel as Interpreter of Dreams: The Literary Development of the Narra- tive in Daniel 2 | 32 2.1. Description of Daniel 2 | 32 2.2. Contradictions within Daniel 2 | 33 2.3. Divine Names as Supporting Evidence for Different Sources | 37 2.4. A More Precise Source Division | 41 2.5. Daniel as an “Improved” Joseph | 48 2.6. Possible Origin of the Addition | 51 3 Rereading the Writing on the Wall (Daniel 5) | 55 3.1. They Could Not Read the Writing | 55 3.2. The Riddle of the Writing | 68 3.3. The Narrativization of Prophecy | 79 3.4. Conclusions | 93 4 The Textual and Literary Development of Daniel 4 | 94 4.1. The Structure of MT Daniel 4 | 96 4.2. Secondary Elements in MT Daniel 4 | 102 4.2.1. Daniel 4:3–7a,15 | 102 4.2.2. Daniel 4:13a | 104 4.2.3. Daniel 4:14b | 108 4.3. Secondary Elements in OG | 109 4.3.1. Solving an Interpretive Crux – “in fetters of iron and bronze” | 109 4.3.2. The Date of the Story | 115 VI   Contents 4.3.3. Additional Secondary Elements in OG | 119 4.4. Summary Remarks on the Relationship between MT and OG | 124 4.5. Does the Old Greek reflect a Semitic Vorlage? Evidence from a Parabiblical Composition | 126 4.6. Conclusions | 131 5 Reconsidering the Theological Background of Daniel 7 | 132 5.1. The Literary Unity of Daniel 7 | 132 5.2. Identifying the “One like a Man” | 134 5.3. Translating and Identifying ןינוילע ישידק (םע) | 139 5.4. Eschatological Biblical Interpretation: Establishing Yhwh’s Portion | 144 5.5. Daniel 7 and the Other Apocalypses in Daniel: Daniel 7:25 | 150 5.6. Theological Worldview or Literary Appropriation? | 153 6 The Chronological Conception of the Persian Period in Daniel 9 | 155 6.1. Introduction: Chronology in Daniel 9 – The Interpretive Consensus | 155 6.2. A New Interpretation of Daniel 9 | 157 6.2.1. Darius the Mede – Historiography as Exegesis | 159 6.2.2. Daniel’s Reading of Jeremiah | 162 6.2.3. Gabriel’s Response to Daniel’s Prayer | 165 6.2.4. A “Proto-Rabbinic” Chronological Conception in Daniel 9? Towards a “New” Identification of the דיגנ חישמ | 171 6.3. Conclusions | 178 7 Rethinking Jewish Life in the Diaspora: The Story of Susanna | 180 7.1. Placement and Function of the Story of Susanna: Preliminary Considerations | 181 7.2. The Interpretive Background of Susanna: Isaiah 2:3 Recontextualized | 184 7.2.1. Isaiah 2:1–4 | 185 7.2.2. Isaiah 51:3–5 | 187 7.2.3. Yerushalmi Sanhedrin 1:2 (18d–19a) | 189 7.3. Susanna | 193 7.3.1. Shared Elements | 196 7.3.2. Contrasting Elements | 196 7.4. Conclusions | 198 Contents    VII 8 Conclusion | 200 8.1. New Interpretive Insights into the Book of Daniel | 200 8.2. Daniel as Early Jewish Interpretation | 201 8.3. Interpretive Techniques in Daniel | 202 8.3.1. Literary Modelling of Characters | 202 8.3.2. Chronological Interpretation | 203 8.3.3. Eschatological Interpretation | 205 8.3.4. Ideological Interpretation | 206 8.3.5. Narrativization | 207 8.4. The Use of Textual Witnesses as Evidence for Literary Growth | 208 8.5. The Literary Development of Daniel | 210 8.6. Implications for the Literary Structure of Daniel | 211 Index of Modern Authors | 229 Index of Ancient Texts | 233 Abbreviations AB Anchor Bible ABD Anchor Bible Dictionary. Ed. D. N. Freedman. 6 vols. New York: Double- day, 1992 AbrNSup Abr-Nahrain: Supplement Series ABL Assyrian and Babylonian Letters Belonging to the Kouyunjik Collections of the British Museum. Edited by R. F. Harper. 14 vols. Chicago, 1892– 1914 AfOB Archiv für Orientforschung: Beiheft AGJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristen- tums AOAT Alter Orient und Altes Testament BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research BDB A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. F. Brown, S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 BEATAJ Beiträge zur Erforschung des Alten Testaments und des antiken Juden- tum BETL Bibliotheca ephemeridum theologicarum lovaniensium Ben-Yehuda A Complete Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Hebrew. Ed. E. Ben Yehuda; vols. 8–9 ed. M. H. Segal; v. 10–16 ed. N. H. Tur-Sinai. 17 vols. Berlin: Langenscheidt, 1909–1959 BJS Brown Judaic Studies BKAT Biblischer Kommentar, Altes Testament BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies BZAW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft CAD The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Ed. I. J. Gelb et al. Chicago: Univerisity of Chicago Press, 1956– 2011 CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CBQMS Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series CEJL Commentaries on Early Jewish Literature CHAN Culture and History of the Ancient Near East DCH Dictionary of Classical Hebrew. Ed. D. J. A. Clines. 8 vols. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1993–2012 DJD Discoveries in the Judaean Desert DSD Dead Sea Discoveries ErIsr Eretz Israel Even-Shoshan Ha-Milon He-ḥadash: Otsar Shalem shel Ha-lashon ha-ˁIvrit ha-sifrutit, ha-madaˁit ṿeha-meduberet, nivim ṿa-amarot ˁIvriyim ṿa- X   Abbreviations Aramiyim, munaḥim benleˀumiyim. A. Even-Shoshan. 3 vols. Jerusalem: Kiryat Sefer, 1981 FAT Forschungen zum Alten Testament FOTL Forms of the Old Testament Literature FRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testa- ments HALOT Koehler, L., W. Baumgartner and J. J. Stamm, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Translated and edited under the super- vision of M. E. J. Richardson. Leiden, 1994–2000 HDR Harvard Dissertations in Religion HeyJ Heythrop Journal HSM Harvard Semitic Monographs HSS Harvard Semitic Studies HTR Harvard Theological Review HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual ICC International Critical Commentary JAJ Journal of Ancient Judaism JAJSup Journal of Ancient Judaism Supplements JANES Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JHS Journal of Hebrew Scriptures JJS Journal of Jewish Studies JQR Jewish Quarterly Review JSJ Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Periods JSJSup Journal for the Study of Judaism: Supplement Series JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament JSOTSup Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series JSPSup Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement Series JSS Journal of Semitic Studies JTS Journal of Theological Studies KAT Kommentar zum Alten Testament KHC Kurzer Hand-Commentar zum Alten Testament KTU Die keilalphabetischen Texte aus Ugarit. Edited by M. Dietrich, O. Loretz, and J. Sanmartín. AOAT 24.1. Kevelaer: Butzon und Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1976. 2nd enlarged ed.: KTU: The Cuneiform Alphabetic Texts from Ugarit, Ras Ibn Hani, and Other Places. Edited by M. Dietrich, O. Loretz, and J. Sanmartín. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 1995